Torts and Damages Notes Outline 1 (part 1 Torts)

I. Concept of Torts

Art. 20

Art. 20. Every person who, contrary to law, wilfully or negligently causes damage to another, shall indemnify the latter for the same.

• Cases on Quasi-delict

• Fausto Barredo v. Severino Garcia(1942)
• Summary:
• head-on collision between a taxi of the Malate Taxicab driven by Pedro Fontanilla and a carretela guided by Pedro Dimapalis. The carretela was overturned and its passenger Faustino Garcia (16 years old boy) suffered injuries from which he died two days later. Fontanilla 's negligence was the cause of the mishap and was convicted and sentenced to an indeterminate sentence of 1 year and 1 day to 2 years of prision correccional. Fausto Barredo as the sole proprietor of the Malate Taxicab and employer of Fontanilla  was negligent in employing Fontanilla who has several Automobile Law and speeding violations so an action was brought against him.  CFI: awarded damages for P2,000 plus legal interest. CA: reduced the damages to P1,000 w/ legal interest. SC: CA affirmed
• Laws: ART. 1089, ART. 1092, ART. 1093, ART. 1094 of the Civil Code, ART. 101, ART. 102, ART. 103, ART. 365 of RPC
• Doctrines:
• quasi-delict or "culpa aquiliana" is a separate legal institution under the Civil Code with a substantivity all its own, and individuality that is entirely apart and independent from delict or crime
• Upon this principle and on the wording and spirit article 1903 of the Civil Code, the primary and direct responsibility of employers may be safely anchored.
• Pedro Elcano, et al., v. Reginal Hill et al. (1977)
• Summary: Reginald Hill, a minor, married but living with his father, Atty. Marvin Hill with whom he was living and getting subsistence killed Agapito Elcano
• Laws:ART. 2177,Article 397,article 1093,Article 2180 of the Civil Code (read below under Special Rules)
• Doctrines:
• acquittal of Reginal Hill in the criminal case has not extinguished his liability for quasi-delict, hence that acquittal is not a bar to the instant action against him
• the marriage of a minor child does not relieve the parents of the duty to see to it that the child, while still a minor, does not give answerable for the borrowings of money and alienation or encumbering of real property which cannot be done by their minor married child without their consent

• Porfirio P. Cinco, v. Hon. Mateo Canonoy et al.(1979)
• Summary: Cinco filed a complaint against jeepney driven by Romeo Hilot and operated by Valeriana Pepito and Carlos Pepito for a vehicular accident.  Pre-trial in the civil case: moved to suspend the civil action pending the final determination of the criminal suit. City Court: ordered the suspension of the civil case. CFI by certiorari: dismissed
• Laws: Rule 111, Section 3 of the Rules of Court, Art. 31 and Article 2176 of the Civil Code
• the separate and independent civil action for a quasi-delict is also clearly recognized in:
• section 3, Rule 111 of the Rules of Court
• Art. 31. When the civil action is based on an obligation not arising from the act or omission complained of as a felony, such civil action may proceed independently of the criminal proceedings and regardless of the result of the latter.
• Article 2176 of the Civil Code is so broad that it includes not only injuries to persons but also damage to property (in this case vehicular accident)
• word "damage" is used in two concepts: the "harm" done and "reparation" for the harm done
• Gashem Shookat Baksh v. Hon. Court of Appeals, et al.(1993)
• Summary: Gashem Shookat Baksh , a medical student courted and proposed to marry 22 years old, single Filipina of good moral character and reputation who accepted his love on the condition that they would get married after the end of the school semester.  He visited her parents in Pangasinan for approval for marriage and forced her to live with him when she was still a virgin requiring her to resign from her job then he started to maltreat and threatened to kill her resulting into injuries.  She bore a child but he gave her medicine to abort it.  Her father, a tricycle driver, already looked for sponsors for the wedding, started preparing for the reception by looking for pigs and chickens, and even already invited many relatives and friends to the forthcoming wedding. CFI, CA, SC: against Gashem.
• Laws: Art. 21, Art. 23 and Art. 2176 of the Civil Code
• Doctrines: 
• Quasi-delict (culpa aquiliana) is a civil law concept while torts is an Anglo-American or common law concept. 
• Torts is much broader than culpa aquiliana because it includes not only negligence, but international criminal acts as well such as assault and battery, false imprisonment and deceit. 
• intentional and malicious acts, with certain exceptions, are to be governed by the Revised Penal Code while negligent acts or omissions are to be covered by Article 2176 of the Civil Code
• Article 21 fills that vacuum and has greatly broadened the scope of the law on civil wrongs; it has become much more supple and adaptable than the Anglo-American law on torts (such as in this case where breach of promise to marry per se is not an actionable wrong and there is no crime, as the girl is above nineteen years of age)

Art. 21

Art. 21. Any person who wilfully causes loss or injury to another in a manner that is contrary to morals, good customs or public policy shall compensate the latter for the damage.

• Maria Benita A. Dulay, et al., v. The Court of Appeals, et al.(1995)
• Article 2176, where it refers to "fault or negligence," covers not only acts "not punishable by law" but also acts criminal in character; whether intentional and voluntary or negligent. Consequently, a separate civil action against the offender in a criminal act, whether or not he is criminally prosecuted and found guilty or acquitted, provided that the offended party is not allowed, if he is actually charged also criminally, to recover damages on both scores, and would be entitled in such eventuality only to the bigger award of the two, assuming the awards made in the two cases vary
• Extinction of civil liability referred to in Par. (e) of Section 3, Rule 111, refers exclusively to civil liability founded on Article 100 of the Revised Penal Code, whereas the civil liability for the same act considered as quasi-delict only and not as a crime is not extinguished even by a declaration in the criminal case that the criminal act charged has not happened or has not been committed by the accused
• It is enough that the complaint alleged that Benigno Torzuela shot Napoleon Dulay resulting in the latter's death; that the shooting occurred while Torzuela was on duty; and that either SUPERGUARD and/or SAFEGUARD was Torzuela's employer and responsible for his acts. 
• Bernabe Castillo et al v. Hon. Court of Appeals, et al (1989)
• Since the civil action is predicated upon Juanito Rosario's alleged negligence (that caused the car accident) does not exist, it follows that his acquittal in the criminal action, which is already final, carried with it the extinction of civil responsibility arising therefrom

A.   Elements of Torts or Quasi-Delict (ADF-NO)

1.   Act or Omission

2.   Damage or injury is caused to another 

3.   Fault of negligence is present

4.   There is NO pre-existing contractual relations bet. the parties

B. What must be proved (NDC)

1. Negligence in quasi-delict (see negligence below)

2. Damage or injury

3. Causal connection bet. Negligence and Damage

• Must be proximate cause of the injury sustained by the plaintiff to enable the plaintiff to recover
• Concept of Proximate Cause - adequate and efficient cause which in the natural order of events and under particular circumstances surrounding the case, would naturally produce the event
• If plaintiff's negligence is only contributory:
• He is considered partly responsible only, may still recover from the defendant but must be reduced by the courts in proportion to his own negligence

• Cases on Elements of Quasi-Delict

• German Garcia et al., v. The Hon. Mariano M. Florido et al. (1973)
• petitioners never intervened in the criminal action instituted by the Chief of Police against respondent Pedro Tumala, much less has the said criminal action been terminated either by conviction or acquittal of said accused
• by the institution of the present civil action for damages (for quasi-delict in the collision), petitioners have in effect abandoned their right to press recovery for damages in the criminal case (violation of traffic rules), and have opted instead to recover them in the present civil case
• Natividad V. Andamo, et al., v. Intermediate Appellate Court et al. (1990)
• While the property involved in the cited case belonged to the public domain and the property subject of the instant case is privately owned, the fact remains that petitioners' complaint sufficiently alleges that petitioners have sustained and will continue to sustain damage due to the waterpaths and contrivances built by respondent corporation
• It must be stressed that the use of one's property is not without limitations. Article 431 of the Civil Code provides that "the owner of a thing cannot make use thereof in such a manner as to injure the rights of a third person."  SIC UTERE TUO UT ALIENUM NON LAEDAS.  Moreover, adjoining landowners have mutual and reciprocal duties which require that each must use his own land in a reasonable manner so as not to infringe upon the rights and interests of others. Although we recognize the right of an owner to build structures on his land, such structures must be so constructed and maintained using all reasonable care so that they cannot be dangerous to adjoining landowners and can withstand the usual and expected forces of nature. If the structures cause injury or damage to an adjoining landowner or a third person, the latter can claim indemnification for the injury or damage suffered.
• Taylor v. Manila Electric Company and Light Company (1910)
• in order to establish his right to a recovery, must establish by competent evidence:
1. Damages to the plaintiff
2. Negligence by act or omission of which defendant personally, or some person for whose acts it must respond, was guilty.
3. The connection of cause and effect between the negligence and the damage.
• he was sui juris in the sense that his age and his experience qualified him to understand and appreciate the necessity for the exercise of that degree of caution which would have avoided the injury which resulted from his own deliberate act
• Negligence is not presumed, but must be proven by him who alleges it.
• while we hold that the entry upon the property without express invitation or permission would not have relieved Manila Electric from responsibility for injuries incurred, without other fault on his part, if such injury were attributable to his negligence, the negligence in leaving the caps exposed on its premises was not the proximate cause of the injury received

• cutting open the detonating cap and putting match to its contents was the proximate cause of the explosion and of the resultant injuries inflicted 
• Heirs of Pedro Tayag v. Hon. Fernando S. Alcantara, et al. (1980)
• Art. 31. When the civil action is based on an obligation not arising from the act or commission complained of as a felony. such civil action may proceed independently of the criminal proceedings and regardless of the result of the latter.
• All the essential averments for a quasi delictual action are present, namely: (1) an act or omission constituting fault or negligence on the part of private respondent; (2) damage caused by the said act or commission; (3) direct causal relation between the damage and the act or commission; and (4) no pre-existing contractual relation between the parties
• NOTE: basis of separate civil action is the elements of quasi-delict and not the judgment of criminal action

Negligence
GR: In action for quasi-delict, plaintiff must prove the negligence of the defendant EX:  In cases where negligence is presumed or imputed by law (only rebuttable/presumption juris tantum Principle of res ipso loquitor (the thing speaks for itself) grounded on the difficulty of proving thru competent evidence, public policy considerations
Test of Negligence
Did the defendant in doing thealleged negligent act use thereasonable care and caution which an ordinarily prudent person would have used in the same situation? If not then he is guilty of negligence Could a prudent man, in the case under consideration, foresee harm as a result of the course pursued?   If so, it was the duty of the actorto take precautions to guard against harm
Kinds of Negligence (ACC)
Culpa Contractual (contractual negligence)
Arts. 1170
Art. 1170. Those who in the performance of their obligations are guilty of fraud, negligence, or delay, and those who in any manner contravene the tenor thereof, are liable for damages.
Art. 1171
Art. 1171. Responsibility arising from fraud is demandable in all obligations. Any waiver of an action for future fraud is void.
Art. 1172
Art. 1172. Responsibility arising from negligence in the performance of every kind of obligation is also demandable, but such liability may be regulated by the courts, according to the circumstances.
Art. 1173
Art. 1173. The fault or negligence of the obligor consists in the omission of that diligence which is required by the nature of the obligation and corresponds with the circumstances of the persons, of the time and of the place. When negligence  shows bad faith, the provisions of Articles 1171 and 2201, paragraph 2, shall apply. If the law or contract does not state the diligence which is to be observed in the   performance, that which is expected of a good father of a family shall be required.
Art. 1174
Art. 1174. Except in cases expressly specified by the law, or when it is otherwise declared by stipulation, or when the nature of the obligation requires the assumption of risk, no person shall be responsible for those events which could not be foreseen, or which, though foreseen, were inevitable.
Culpa Aquiliana (quasi-delict)
Art. 2176
Art. 2176. Whoever by act or omission causes damage to another, there being fault or negligence, is obliged to pay for the damage done. Such fault or negligence, if there is no pre-existing contractual relation between the parties, is called a quasi-delict and is governed by the provisions of this Chapter.
Art. 2177
Art. 2177. Responsibility for fault or negligence under the preceding article is entirely separate and distinct from the civil liability arising from negligence under the Penal Code. But the plaintiff cannot recover damages twice for the same act or omission of the defendant
Art. 2178
Art. 2178. The provisions of Articles 1172 to 1174 are also applicable to a quasi-delict
Culpa Criminal (criminal negligence)
Art. 365
Art. 365. Imprudence and negligence. — Any person who, by reckless imprudence, shall commit any act which, had it been intentional, would constitute a grave felony, shall suffer the penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its medium period; if it would have constituted a less grave felony, the penalty of arresto mayor in its minimum and medium periods shall be imposed; if it would have constituted a light felony, the penalty of arresto menor in its maximum period shall be imposed. Any person who, by simple imprudence or negligence, shall commit an act which would otherwise constitute a grave felony, shall suffer the penalty of arresto mayor in its medium and maximum periods; if it would have constituted a less serious felony, the penalty of arresto mayor in its minimum period shall be imposed. When the execution of the act covered by this article shall have only resulted in damage to the property of another, the offender shall be punished by a fine ranging from an amount equal to the value of said damages to three times such value, but which shall in no case be less than twenty-five pesos. A fine not exceeding two hundred pesos and censure shall be imposed upon any person who, by simple imprudence or negligence, shall cause some wrong which, if done maliciously, would have constituted a light felony.In the imposition of these penalties, the court shall exercise their sound discretion, without regard to the rules prescribed in Article sixty-four. The provisions contained in this article shall not be applicable: 1. When the penalty provided for the offense is equal to or lower than those provided in the first two paragraphs of this article, in which case the court shall   impose the penalty next lower in degree than that which should be imposed in the period which they may deem proper to apply. 2. When, by imprudence or negligence and with violation of the Automobile Law, to death of a person shall be caused, in which case the defendant shall be punished by prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods.  Reckless imprudence consists   in voluntary, but without malice, doing or falling to do an act from which material damage results by reason of inexcusable lack of precaution on the part of the person performing of failing to perform such act, taking into consideration his employment or occupation, degree of intelligence, physical condition and other circumstances regarding persons, time and place. Simple imprudence consists in the lack of precaution displayed in those cases in which the damage impending to be caused is not immediate nor the danger clearly manifest. The penalty next higher in degree to those provided for in this article shall be imposed upon the offender who fails to lend on the spot to the injured parties such help as may be in this hand to give.
Comparison
Vinculum Juris
Culpa Contractual  (contractual negligence)	Culpa Aquiliana (quasi-delict)	Culpa Criminal  (criminal negligence)
Contract	Negligent act/omission (culpa, imprudence)	Act/omission committed by means of dolo (deliberate, malicious, in bad faith)
	Only involves private concern	Affect the public interest
Governed by
Civil Code provisions on Obligations and Contracts, particularly Arts. 1170 to 1174 of the Civil Code	Art. 2176 of the Civil Code	Art. 365 of the Revised Penal Code
	The Civil Code by means of indemnification merely repairs the damage	The Revised Penal Code punishes or corrects criminal act
	Includes all acts in which any kind of fault or negligence intervenes	Punished only if there is a penal law clearly covering them
	However, it should be noted that not all violations of the penal law produce civil responsibility, such as begging in contravention of ordinances, violation of   the game laws, infraction of the rules of traffic   when nobody is hurt.
Proof Needed
Preponderance of evidence		Proof beyond reasonable doubt
Defense available
Exercise of extraordinary diligence (in contracts of   carriage), Force Majeure	Exercise of diligence of good father of a family in the selection and supervision of employees
In breach of contract committed through the negligence of employee, the employer CANNOT erase his primary and direct liability by invoking exercise of diligence of a good father of a family in the selection and supervision of the employee	In quasi-delict the presumptive responsibility for the negligence of his servants can be rebutted by proof of the exercise of due care in their selection and supervision
Pre-existing contract
There is pre-existing contract	No pre-existing contract
Burden of Proof
Contractual party. Prove the ff.: Existence of a contract Breach	Victim prove the ff.: (NDC) Negligence Damage Causal connection bet. Negligence and damage done	Prosecution.  Accused is presumed innocent until the contrary is proved

Difference in Civil Liability	Quasi-delict	Delict
Liability of Employer	Solidary	Subsidiary
Reservation Requirement	impliedly instituted w/ criminal action, but under 2000 Crimpro Rules it is independent and separate	impliedly instituted
Effect of judgment of acquittal in a criminal case involving the same act/omission	GR: NOT a bar to recover  EX: when judgment pronounces that the negligence from which damage arise is non-existent	NOT a bar to recover

B. Cases on Negligence

• Amado Picart v. Frank Smith (1918)
• Did the defendant in doing thealleged negligent act use thereasonable care and caution which an ordinarily prudent person would have used in the same situation? If not then he is guilty of negligence
• The existence of negligence in a given case is not determined by reference to the personal judgment of the actor in the situation before him. 
• The question as to what would constitute the conduct of a prudent man in a given situation must of course be always determined in the light of human experience and in view of the facts involved in the particular case
• Could a prudent man, in the case under consideration, foresee harm as a result of the course actually pursued? If so, it was the duty of the actor to take precautions to guard against that harm
• Conduct is said to be negligent when a prudent man in the position of the tortfeasor would have foreseen that an effect harmful to another was sufficiently probable to warrant his foregoing conduct or guarding against its consequences 
• It will be noted that the negligent acts of the two parties were not contemporaneous, since the negligence of the defendant succeeded the negligence of the plaintiff (wrong side of the road) by an appreciable interval.
• Under these circumstances the law is that the person who has the last fair chance to avoid the impending harm and fails to do so is chargeable with the consequences, without reference to the prior negligence of the other party.
• Mr. and Mrs. Amador C. Ong v. Metropolitan Water District (1958)
• Since the present action is one for damages founded on culpable negligence, the principle to be observed is that the person claiming damages has the burden of proving that the damage is caused by the fault or negligence of the person from whom the damage is claimed, or of one of his employees
•  The last clear chance doctrine can never apply where the party charged is required to act instantaneously, and if the injury cannot be avoided by the application of all means at hand after the peril is or should have been discovered; at least in cases in which any previous negligence of the party charged cannot be said to have contributed to the injury
• Before closing, we wish to quote the following observation of the trial court, which we find supported by the evidence: "There is (also) a strong suggestion coming from the expert evidence presented by both parties that Dominador Ong might have dived where the water was only 5.5 feet deep, and in so doing he might have hit or bumped his forehead against the bottom of the pool, as a consequence of which he was stunned, and which to his drowning. As a boy scout he must have received instructions in swimming. He knew, or have known that it was dangerous for him to dive in that part of the pool."
• Civil Aeronautics Administration v. Court of Appeals (1988)
• Article 1173 of the Civil Code, "(t)he fault or negligence of the obligor consists in the omission of that diligence which is required by the nature of the obligation and corresponds with the circumstances of the person, of the time and of the place."
• Contributory negligence under Article 2179 of the Civil Code contemplates a negligent act or omission on the part of the plaintiff, which although not the proximate cause of his injury, contributed to his own damage, the proximate cause of the plaintiffs own injury being the defendant's lack of due care - none in the case
• Cases on “Pater familias”
• Preciolita V. Corliss v. The Manila Railroad Co. (1969)
• Negligence
•  The failure to observe for the protection of the interests of another person that degree of care, precaution and vigilance which the circumstance justly demand whereby such other person suffers injury.
• want of the care required by the circumstances. It is a relative or comparative, not an absolute term and its application depends upon the situation of the parties and the degree of care and vigilance which the circumstances reasonably require. 
• Where the danger is great, a high degree of care is necessary, and the failure to observe it is a want of ordinary care under the circumstances.
• it was incumbent upon him to avoid a possible accident — and this consisted simply in stopping his vehicle before the crossing and allowing the train to move on.  A prudent man under similar circumstances would have acted in this manner

II. Special Rules

Special Rules:Laws

Civil Code

Art. 1173

Art. 1173. The fault or negligence of the obligor consists in the omission of that diligence which is required by the nature of the obligation and corresponds with the circumstances of the persons, of the time and of the place. When negligence shows bad faith, the provisions of Articles 1171 and 2201, paragraph 2, shall apply. If the law or contract does not state the diligence which is to be observed in the performance, that which is expected of a good father of a family shall be required

Art. 2180

Art. 2180. The obligation imposed by Article 2176 is demandable not only for one's own acts or omissions, but also for those of persons for whom one is responsible. The father and, in case of his death or incapacity, the mother, are responsible for the damages caused by the minor children who live in their company. Guardians are liable for damages caused by the minors or incapacitated persons who are under their authority and live in their company. The owners and managers of an establishment or enterprise are likewise responsible for damages caused by their employees in the service of the branches in which the latter are employed or on the occasion of their functions. Employers shall be liable for the damages caused by their employees and household helpers acting within the scope of their assigned tasks, even though the former are not engaged in any business or industry. The State is responsible in like manner when it acts through a special agent; but not when the damage has been caused by the official to whom the task done properly pertains, in which case what is provided in Article 2176 shall be applicable. Lastly, teachers or heads of establishments of arts and trades shall be liable for damages caused by their pupils and students or apprentices, so long as they remain in their custody. The responsibility treated of in this article shall cease when the persons herein mentioned prove that they observed all the diligence of a good father of a family to prevent damage.

Art. 2182.

Art. 2182. If the minor or insane person causing damage has no parents or guardian, the minor or insane person shall be answerable with his own property in an action against him where a guardian ad litem shall be appointed.

Art. 2185

Art. 2185. Unless there is proof to the contrary, it is presumed that a person driving a motor vehicle has been negligent if at the time of the mishap, he was violating any traffic regulation.

Art. 2187

Art. 2187. Manufacturers and processors of foodstuffs, drinks, toilet articles and similar goods shall be liable for death or injuries caused by any noxious or harmful substances used, although no contractual relation exists between them and the consumers.

Family Code

Art. 221

Art. 221. Parents and other persons exercising parental authority shall be civilly liable for the injuries and damages caused by the acts or omissions of their unemancipated children living in their company and under their parental authority subject to the appropriate defenses provided by law.

Revised Penal Code

Art. 12

Art. 12. Circumstances which exempt from criminal liability. - The following are exempt from criminal liability: 1. An imbecile or an insane person, unless the latter has acted during a lucid interval. When the imbecile or an insane person has committed an act which the law defines as a felony (delito), the court shall order his confinement in one of the hospitals or asylums established for persons thus afflicted, which he shall not be permitted to leave without first obtaining the permission of the same court. 2. A person under nine years of age. 3. A person over nine years of age and under fifteen, unless he has acted with discernment, in which case, such minor shall be proceeded against in accordance with the provisions of article 80 of this Code. When such minor is adjudged to be criminally irresponsible, the court, in conformity with the provisions of this and the preceding paragraph, shall commit him to the care and custody of his family who shall be charged with his surveillance and education; otherwise, he shall be committed to the care of some institution or person mentioned in said article 80. 4. Any person who, while performing a lawful act with due care, causes an injury by mere accident without fault or intention of causing it. 5. Any person who acts under the compulsion of irresistible force. 6. Any person who acts under the impulse of an uncontrollable fear of an equal or greater injury. 7. Any person who fails to perform an act required by law, when prevented by some lawful insuperable cause.

Art. 100

Art. 100. Civil liability of a person guilty of felony. - Every person criminally liable for a felony is also civilly liable.

Good Father of a Family (pater  familias) (Art. 1173 in relation to Art. 2180) 

• Standard of conduct used in the Philippines
• a man of ordinary intelligence and prudence or an ordinary reasonable prudent man deemed to have knowledge of the facts that a man should be expected to know based on ordinary human experience
• Case:
• Julian del Rosario v. Manila Electric Co (1932) (liability as owner)
• presumption of negligence on the part of the Manila Electric Company from the breakage of this wire has not been overcome, and it is in our opinion responsible for the accident 
• contributory negligence would not be wholly fatal to the right of action in this case, not having been the determining cause of the accident

1. Children

• GR: The action of the child will not necessarily be judged according to the standard of an adult
• EX: if the minor is mature enough to understand and appreciate the nature and consequence of his actions, he will be considered negligent if he fails to exercise due care and precaution in the commission of such acts
• NOTE: 
• No arbitrary age 
• Absence of negligence does not necessarily mean absence of liability
• Liability without fault: a child under 9 years can still be subsidiarily liable with his property (Art. 100, RPC)
• Absence of negligence of the child may not excuse the parents from their vicarious liability under Art.2180 NCC or Art. 221 FC
• Taylor v. Manila Electric Railroad and Light Co.(1910) (liability as owner)(see also Taylor above)

• NOTE: failure of employer to exercise diligence of a good father
•  of a family is also a negligence but it was not the proximate cause
• child who is 9 or below is conclusively presumed to be incapable of negligence. 
• On the other hand, if the child is above 9 years but below 15, there is a disputable presumption of absence of negligence
• Jarco Marketing v. CA (1999)
• accident 
• pertains to an unforeseen event in which no fault or negligence attaches to the defendant
• a fortuitous circumstance, event or happening
• an event happening without any human agency, or if happening wholly or partly through human agency, an event which under the circumstances is unusual or unexpected by the person to whom it happens
• occurs when the person concerned is exercising ordinary care, which is not caused by fault of any person and which could not have been prevented by any means suggested by common prudence
• negligence
• omission to do something which a reasonable man, guided by those considerations which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs, would do, or the doing of something which a prudent and reasonable man would not do
• the failure to observe, for the protection of the interest of another person, that degree of care, precaution and vigilance which the circumstances justly demand, whereby such other person suffers injury
• Accident and negligence are intrinsically contradictory; one cannot exist with the other
• Anent the negligence imputed to Zhieneth, we apply the conclusive presumption that favors children below 9 years old in that they are incapable of contributory negligence.  In our jurisdiction, a person under nine years of age is conclusively presumed to have acted without discernment, and is, on that account, exempt from criminal liability. The same presumption and a like exemption from criminal liability obtains in a case of a person over nine and under fifteen years of age, unless it is shown that he has acted with discernment. 
• Initially, Zhieneth held on to Criselda's waist, and only momentarily released the child's hand from her clutch when she signed her credit card slip. At this precise moment, it was reasonable and usual for her to let go of her child. 
• Further, at the time Zhieneth was pinned down by the counter, she was just a foot away from her mother; and the gift-wrapping counter was just 4 meters away -  time and distance were both significant. 

2. Physical Disability

• GR:Mere weakness of a person will not be an excuse in negligence cases. 
• EX: If defect amounts to a real disability the standard of conduct is that of a reasonable person under that disability

3. Schools, Administrator, Teacher (see Ateneo reviewer)

• Federico Ylarde v. Edgardo Aquino (1988) (liability as teachers or heads of establishments of arts and trades )
• GR: teachers shall be liable for the acts of their students 
• EX: where the school is technical in nature, in which case it is the head thereof who shall be answerable
• negligent act of Aquino in leaving his pupils in such a dangerous site has a direct causal connection to the death of the child Ylarde

• it was but natural for the children to play around
• the child Ylarde would not have died were it not for the unsafe situation created by Aquino 

4. Experts and Professionals

• They should exhibit the care and skill of one who is ordinarily skilled in the particular field that he is in.
• When a person holds himself out as being competent to do things requiring professional skill, he will be held liable for negligence if he fails to exhibit the care and skill of one ordinarily skilled in the particular work which he attempts to do. 
• An expert will not be judged based on what a non-expert can foresee.
• The rule regarding experts is applicable NOT only to professionals who have undergone formal education
• Culion Ice, Fish and Electric co v. Phil Motors Corp. (1930)
• In this connection it must be remembered that when a person holds himself out as being competent to do things requiring professional skill, he will be held liable for negligence if he fails to exhibit the care and skill of one ordinarily skilled in the particular work which he attempts to do
• Quest did not use the skill that would have been exhibited by one ordinarily expert in repairing gasoline engines on boats = negligence.
• The test of liability is not whether the injury was accidental in a sense, but whether Quest was free from blame
• US v. Pineda (1918)
•  bought potassium chlorate, which when analyzed was found to be barium chlorate
• As a pharmacist, he is made responsible for the quality of all drugs and poisons which he sells
• it should not be forgotten that the case we consider are civil in nature, the question of negligence or ignorance is irrelevant
• Instead of caveat emptor, it should be caveat venditor. 

5. Nature of activity

• There are activities which by nature impose duties to exercise a higher degree of diligence.
• Examples:
• Banks - by the very nature of their work, are expected to exercise the highest degree of diligence in the selection and supervision of their employees.
• Common carriers - required to exercise extraordinary diligence in the vigilance over their passengers and transported goods.(Article 1733 Civil Code)
• BPI v. CA, 216 SCRA 51
• Summary: An impostor faking to be Eligia G. Fernando was able to preterminate her money placement without surrendering the promissory note in BPI and opened a new account and encashed the wtihdrawals through checks payable in cash in CBC without suspicion of the huge amoutn of withdrawals when the account just opened (BPI 60% CBC 40%)
• Doctrines:
• BPI as drawee bank and CBC as representing/collecting bank were both negligent resulting in the encashment of the forged checks
• Being closest to the vent of loss, therefore, CBC's negligence must be held to be proximate cause of the loss
• while we do not apply the last clear chance doctrine as controlling in this case, still the CBC employees had ample opportunity to avoid the harm which befell both CBC and BPI. They let the opportunity slip by when the ordinary prudence expected of bank employees would have sufficed to seize it
• While it is true that petitioner BPI's negligence may have been the proximate cause of the loss, CBC's negligence contributed equally to the success of the impostor in encashing the proceeds of the forged checks
• Article 2179 of the Civil Code to the effect that while CBC may recover its losses, such losses are subject to mitigation by the court
• Both banks were negligent in the selection and supervision of their employees resulting in the encashment of the forged checks by an impostor.
• Fernando v. CA (1992)
• Summary: losing bidders Bertulano with four other companions namely Joselito Garcia, William Liagoso, Alberto Fernando and Jose Fajardo, Jr. were found dead inside the septic tank and was filing for damages against the City of Davao but since they open the septic tank they were presumes to have caused the proximate cause through their own negligence especially in Mr. Bertulano line of service
• Doctrines:
• Distinction must be made between the accident and the injury
• Where he contributes to the principal occurrence, as one of its determining factors, he can not recover
• Where, in conjunction with the occurrence, he contributes only to his own injury, he may recover the amount that the defendant responsible for the event should pay for such injury, less a sum deemed a suitable equivalent for his own imprudence

6. Intoxication

• GR: Mere intoxication isnot negligence, nor does the mere fact of intoxication establish want of ordinary care. But it may be one of the circumstances to be considered to provenegligence.
• EX: (Art. 2185 of the Civil Code)
• it is presumed that a person driving a motor vehicle has been negligent if at the time of the mishap, he was violating any traffic regulation
• Wright v. Manila Electric (1914)
• Summary: Wright being intoxicated riding on his horse crossed the elevated tracks of Manila Electric so he fell and got injured.  Though intoxicated he was not held negligent because there was no proof that if he was sober he would not have fallen
• Doctrines:
• Mere intoxication is not in itself negligence. It is but a circumstance to be considered with the other evidence tending to prove negligence. 
• GR: immaterial whether a man is drunk or sober if no want of ordinary care or prudence can be imputed to him, and no greater degree of care is required than by a sober one.
• Dissenting Opinion by Carson: if the case is to be decided on the findings of fact by the trial judge, these findings sufficiently establish the negligence of Wright

7. Insanity

• The insanity of a person does not excuse him or his guardian from liability based on quasi-delict (Criminal excused, civil NOT)
• Bases for holding an insane person liable for his tort:
• a. Where one of two innocent persons must suffer a loss, it should be borne by the one who occasioned it
• b. To induce those interested in the estate of the insane person to restrain and control him
• c. The fear that an insanity would lead to false claims of insanity and avoid liability
• US v. Baggay (1911)
• Summary: During a Buni, Baggay killed Bil-liingan and the five other women including his mother and he was exempted from criminal liability due to mental abrasion but subjected to civil liability by indemnifying the heirs of Bil-liingan 
• Doctrine:
• Article 18 of the RPC says:

The exemption from criminal liability declared in Nos. 1, 2, 3, 7, and 10 of article 8 does not include exemption from civil liability, which shall be enforced, subject to the following:

(1) In cases 1, 2, and 3, the persons who are civilly liable for acts committed by a lunatic or imbecile, or a person under 9 years of age, or over this age and under 15, who has not acted with the exercise of judgment, are those who have them under their authority, legal guardianship or power, unless they prove that there was no blame or negligence on their part.

• UNLESS: the offended party or the heirs of the person murdered expressly renounce such reparation or indemnification

• Calculation of risk
• Interests are to be balanced only in the sense that the 1. purposes of the actor,2. the nature of his act and the 3. harm that may result from action or inaction are elements to be considered (PNH)
• Valenzuela v. CA (1996)
• Summary: Li was speeding so he hit Valenzuela while her car was park by the sidewalk to get her flat tire fixed and she had her leg amputated.  Li and Alexander Commercial where Li is an assistant manager and using a company car are held jointly and solidarily liable
• Doctrines:
• If Li was running at only about 55 kph then despite the wet and slippery road, he could have avoided hitting the Valenzuela by the mere expedient or applying his brakes at the proper time and distance
• Contributory negligence is conduct on the part of the injured party, contributing as a legal cause to the harm he has suffered, which falls below the standard to which he is required to conform for his own protection
• emergency rule
• GR: an individual who suddenly finds himself in a situation of danger and is required to act without much time to consider the best means that may be adopted to avoid the impending danger, is not guilty of negligence if he fails to undertake what subsequently and upon reflection may appear to be a better solution
• EX: the emergency was brought by his own negligence
• Not the principle of respondeat superior, which holds the master liable for acts of the servant (must be in the course of business), but that of pater familias, in which the liability ultimately falls upon the employer, for his failure to exercise the diligence of a good father of the family in the selection and supervision of his employees
• Ordinarily, evidence demonstrating that the employer has exercised diligent supervision of its employee during the performance of the latter‘s assigned tasks would be enough to relieve him of the liability imposed by Article 2180 in relation to Article 2176 of the Civil Code. 
• situation is of a different character, involving a practice utilized by large companies with either their employees of managerial rank or their representatives.

III. Degrees of Negligence

Civil Code

Article 2231

Art. 2231. In quasi-delicts, exemplary damages may be granted if the defendant acted with gross negligence.

Gross Negligence

• want of even slight care and diligence
• Cases
• Marinduque v. Workmen’s (1956)
• Summary: Mamador together with other laborers rode the company truck driven by another employee Procopio Macunat against the company prohibition and while trying to overtake another truck, it hit a coconut tree where Mamador died and the others were injured.  Mamador was still entitled cmpnesation because violation of the prohibtion was not gross (notorious) negligence since the prohibition had nothing to do with personal safety of the riders and thus he didn't know it could've caused him harm
• Doctrines: 
• notorious” negligence = “gross” negligence
• conscious indifference to consequences 
• pursuing a course of conduct which would naturally and probably result in injury
• utter disregard of consequences
• Benguet Electric Cooperative, Inc. v. Court of Appeals(1999)
• Summary: Jose Bernardo held the jeepney bars and was electrocuted to death. BENECO was held liable forgross negligence in violating the Philippine Electrical Code for leaving an open wire for 7 years and not meeting the min. vertical clearance of 14 feet 
• Doctrines:
• Gross negligence 
• negligence characterized by the want of even slight care, acting or omitting to act in a situation where there is duty to act, not inadvertently but willfully and intentionally, with a conscious indifference to consequences in so far as other persons may be affected

IV. Proof of Negligence

GR: Burden of Proof 

• quantum of proof required is preponderance of evidence

Rules of Court

Section 1, Rule 131

Section 1. Burden of proof. — Burden of proof is the duty of a party to present evidence on the facts in issue necessary to establish his claim or defense by the amount of evidence required by law.

EX: 

2) Res Ipsa Loquitur (Latin for "the thing speaks for itself")  - see requisites below

• It is a rule of evidence peculiar to the law of negligence which recognizes that prima facie negligence may be established in the absence of direct proof, and furnishes a substitute for specific proof of negligence.
• NOTE: only applicable in absence of direct proof
• Cases:
• Perla Compania De Seguros, Inc., et al. v. Sps. Gaudencio and Primitiva Sarangaya (2005)
• Summary: A company car under Pascual exploded in the first door leased by the Spouses Gaundencio and Primitiva Sarangaya and burned all their belongings.  Pascual was liable under res ipsa loquitur for failing to maintain the car while Perla was lacked the diligence in the supervision and selection of its employee for not giving any guideliness on how the tasks are to be performed, maintaining the car and reporting an inventory of its properties.
• Doctrines: 
• Res ipsa loquitur 
• Latin phrase which literally means “the thing or the transaction speaks for itself.
• It relates to the fact of an injury that sets out an inference to the cause thereof or establishes the plaintiff’s prima facie case
• The doctrine rests on inference and not on presumption
• facts of the occurrence warrant the supposition of negligence and they furnish circumstantial evidence of negligence when direct evidence is lacking
• based on the theory that the defendant either knows the cause of the accident or has the best opportunity of ascertaining it and the plaintiff, having no knowledge thereof, is compelled to allege negligence in general terms
• plaintiff relies on proof of the happening of the accident alone to establish negligence
• provides a means by which a plaintiff can pin liability on a defendant who, if innocent, should be able to explain the care he exercised to prevent the incident complained of
• defendant’s responsibility to show that there was no negligence on his part
• Requisites of Res Ipsa Loquitur (AE-NOT
• 1) the accident is of a kind which does not ordinarily occur unless someone is negligent
• “Ordinary” refers to the usual course of events
• Flames spewing out of a car engine, when it is switched on, is obviously not a normal event. Neither does an explosion usually occur when a car engine is revved.
• Pascual, as the caretaker of the car, failed to submit any proof that he had it periodically checked - negligence
• 2) the cause of the injury was under the exclusive control of the person in charge and
• 3) the injury suffered must not have been due to any voluntary action or contribution on the part of the person injured.
• When there is caso fortuito:
• (a) the cause of the unforeseen and unexpected  occurrence  was  independent  of  the human will
• human agency must be entirely excluded as the proximate cause or contributory cause of the injury or loss -Not because car not maintained 
• (b) it was impossible to foresee the event which constituted the caso fortuito or, if it could be foreseen, it was impossible to avoid -  NOT under the control of pascual
• (c) the occurrence must be such as to render it impossible to perform an obligation in a normal manner - Spouses had no access nor obligation for the maintenance
• (d) the person tasked to perform the obligation must not have participated in any course of conduct that aggravated the accident

Marcelo Macalinao, et al., v. Eddie Medecielo Ong (2005)

• Summary: While delivering, the Genetron’s Isuzu Elf truck driven by Ong bumped the front portion of a private jeepney.  Both vehicles incurred severe damages while the passengers sustained physical injuries as a consequence of the  collision. Macalinao was paralyzed and immobilized from the neck down then died. He filed against Ong and Sebastian before he died and soon was substituted by his parents.  RTC: Ong negligent and Sebastian failed to exercise the diligence of a good father of a family in the selection and supervision of Ong thus ordering them jointly liable to pay actual, moral, and exemplary damages as well as civil indemnity for Macalinao’s death.  CA: reversed for lack of evidence
• Doctrines: 
• Res ipsa loquitur 
• recognizes that parties may establish prima facie negligence without direct proof, thus, it allows the principle to substitute for specific proof of negligence
• permits the plaintiff to present along with proof of the accident, enough of the attending circumstances to invoke the doctrine, create an inference or presumption of negligence and thereby place on the defendant the burden of proving that there was no negligence on his part
• based on the theory that defendant in charge of the instrumentality which causes the injury either knows the cause of the accident or has the best opportunity of ascertaining it while the plaintiff has no such knowledge, and is therefore compelled to allege negligence in general terms and rely upon the proof of the happening of the accident in order to establish negligence
• can be invoked only when under the circumstances, direct evidence is absent and not readily available
• grounded upon the fact that the chief evidence of the true cause, whether culpable or innocent, is practically accessible to the defendant but inaccessible to the injured person
• requisites for the application of res ipsa loquitur:
  
  
  (1) The accident is of a kind which ordinarily does not occur in the absence of someone’s negligence; - No two motor vehicles traversing opposite lanes will collide as a matter of course unless someone is negligent
  
  
  
  
  (2) It is caused by an instrumentality within the exclusive control of the defendant or defendants - Driving the Isuzu truck gave Ong exclusive management and control over it
  
  
  (3) The possibility of contributing conduct which would make the plaintiff responsible is eliminated 
              
        (4) defendant fails to offer any explanation tending to show that                
             the injury was caused by his or her want of due care (Based on 
             American Jurisprudence) - defendant fails to offer any 
             explanation tending to show that the injury was caused by his 
             or her want of due care
• Macalinao could no longer testify as to the cause of the accident since he is dead. Petitioners, while substituting their son as plaintiff, have no actual knowledge about the event since they were not present at the crucial moment
• evidence as to the true cause of the accident is, for all intents and purposes, accessible to respondents but not to petitioners
• two truck helpers who survived, both employees of Sebastian, and Ong, who is not only Sebastian’s previous employee but his co-respondent in this case as well

Joaquinita P. Capili v. Sps. Dominador and Rosalita Cardana (2006)

• Summary: Jasmin Cardaa was walking along the San Roque Elementary School when a branch of a caimito trees fell on her, causing her instantaneous death.  Her parents Dominador and Rosalita Cardaa filed a case for damages against the school principal Joaquinita Capili knowing that the tree was dead and rotting did not dispose of it RTC: dismissed for failing to show negligence on the part of Capili CA: reversed. Awarded P50,000 as indemnity for the death of Jasmin and P15,010 as reimbursement of her burial expenses, moral damages P50,000 and attorney's fees and litigation P10,000 SC: CA affirmed but deleting the moral damages bec. of absent of ill-motive
• Doctrines:
• negligent act
• inadvertent(unintentional) act
• may be merely carelessly done from a lack of ordinary prudence and may be one which creates a situation involving an unreasonable risk to another because of the expectable action of the other, a third person, an animal, or a force of nature
• an ordinary prudent person in the actor's position, in the same or similar circumstances, would foresee such an appreciable risk of harm to others as to cause him not to do the act or to do it in a more careful manner
• Jasmin, died as a result of the dead and rotting tree within the school's premises shows that the tree was indeed an obvious danger to anyone passing by and calls for application of the principle of res ipsa loquitur

Professional Services, Inc. v. Natividad and Enrique Agana (2007)

• Summary: Dr. Ampil assisted by Dr. Fuentes performed hysterectomy operation on Natividad where 2 gauzes were left badly affecting her vaginal vault which formed a recto-vaginal fistula forcign her stool to excrete through the vagina.  The first gauze was extracted by hand by Dr. Ampil while the second required another operation.  RTC: PSI solidarily liable with Dr. Ampil and Dr. Fuentes for damages for negligence and malpractice CA: absolved Dr. Fuentes upon the same advise from the PRC Board of Medicine for failure to show that he placed the guages or concealed the fact from Natividad SC: Affirmed CA
• Laws: Art. 2176 Art. 2180  and  Art. 1869 of the Civil Code
• Doctrines: 
• element 3 "control and management of the thing which caused the injury" to be wanting 
• Dr. Fuentes performed the surgery and thereafter reported and showed his work to Dr. Ampil who allowed Dr. Fuentes to leave the operating room
• Under the "Captain of the Ship" rule, the operating surgeon is the person in complete charge of the surgery room and all personnel connected with the operation
• res ipsa loquitur
• not a rule of substantive law, hence, does not per se create or constitute an independent or separate ground of liability, being a mere evidentiary rule
• mere invocation and application of the doctrine does not dispense with the requirement of proof of negligence

V. Causation

1) Definition of Proximate Cause

• That cause which in natural and continuous sequence, unbrokenby any efficient intervening cause, produces the injury, without which the result wouldnot have occurred

Cases:

Salud Villanueva Vda. De batacan, et al., v. Mariano Media, G.R. No. L-10126, October 22, 1957

Filomeno Urbano v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 72964, January 7, 1988

"A prior and remote cause cannot be made the be of an action if such remote cause did nothing more than furnish the condition or give rise to the occasion by which the injury was made possible, if there intervened between such prior or remote cause and the injury a distinct, successive, unrelated, and efficient cause of the injury, even though such injury would not have happened but for such condition or occasion. If no danger existed in the condition except because of the independent cause, such condition was not the proximate cause. And if an independent negligent act or defective condition sets into operation the instances which result in injury because of the prior defective condition, such subsequent act or condition is the proximate cause.

Phoenix Construction, Inc. v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. L-65295, March 10, 1987

Quezon City Government, et al., v. Fulgencio Dacara, G.R. No. 150304, June 15, 2005

2) Distinguished from other kinds

a) Remote

• That cause which some independent force merely took advantage of to accomplish something not the natural effect thereof

Cases:

Filomeno Urbano v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 72964, January 7, 1988

b) Concurrent  

• the actor is liable even if the active and substantially simultaneous operation of the effects of a third person’s innocent,tortious or criminal actis also a substantial factor in bringing about the harm so long as the actor’s negligent conduct actively and continuously operate to bring about harm to another. (Africa v. Caltex)
• Where several causes producing the injury are concurrent and each is an efficient cause without which the injury would not have happened, the injury may be attributed to allow any of the causes and recovery may be had against any or all of the responsible persons
• Where the concurrent or successive negligent acts or omissions of two or more persons,although acting independently, are in combination the direct and proximate cause of a single injury to a third person, and it is impossible to determine what proportion each contributed to the injury, either of them is responsible for the whole injury, even though his act alone might not have caused the entire injury; they become joint tort-feasors and are solidarily liable for the resulting damage under Article 2194 of the Civil Code

Cases:

 Prospero Sabido and Aser Lagunda v. Macabuhay Custodio, G.R. No. L-21512, August 31, 1966

• Agripino Custodia a passenger of LTB bus, who was hanging on the left side as truck was full of passengers was sideswiped by the track driven by Aser Lagunda

3)  Last Clear Chance

• The negligence of the plaintiff does not preclude a recovery for the negligence of the defendant where it appears that the defendant, by exercising reasonable care and prudence, might have avoided injurious consequences to the plaintiff notwithstanding the plaintiff’s negligence

Cases:

Anuran v. Buno (1966)

• New Civil Code requires "utmost diligence" from the carriers (Art. 1755) who are "presumed to have been at fault or to have acted negligently, unless they prove that they have observed extraordinary diligence" (Art. 1756)
• principle about the "last clear chance" would call for application in a suit between the owners and drivers of the two colliding vehicles. It does not arise where a passenger demands responsibility from the carrier to enforce its contractual obligations. For it would be inequitable to exempt the negligent driver of the jeepney and its owners on the ground that the other driver was likewise guilty of negligence

Pantranco North Express, Inc. v. Maricar Baesa (1989)

• Generally, the last clear change doctrine is invoked for the purpose of making a defendant liable to a plaintiff who was guilty of prior or antecedent negligence, although it may also be raised as a defense to defeat claim for damages
• For the last clear chance doctrine to apply, it is necessary to show that the person who allegedly has the last opportunity to avert the accident was aware of the existence of the peril, or should, with exercise of due care, have been aware of it
• When he saw at a distance that the approaching bus was encroaching on his lane, he did not immediately swerve the jeepney to the dirt shoulder on his right since he must have assumed that the bus driver will return the bus to its own lane upon seeing the jeepney approaching form the opposite direction
• last clear chance doctrine can never apply where the party charged is required to act instantaneously, and if the injury cannot be avoided by the application of all means at hand after the peril is or should have been discovered

Bustamante v. CA (1991)

• the doctrine of last clear chance means that even though a person's own acts may have placed him in a position of peril, and an injury results, the injured person is entitled to recovery
• since the case at bar is not a suit between the owners and drivers of the colliding vehicles but a suit brought by the heirs of the deceased passengers against both owners and drivers of the colliding vehicles the court erred in absolving the owner and driver of the cargo truck from liability

Philippine Bank of Commerce v. CA (1997)

• last clear chance/supervening negligence/discovered peril
• where both parties are negligent, but the negligent act of one is appreciably later in time than that of the other, or when it is impossible to determine whose fault or negligence should be attributed to the incident, the one who had the last clear opportunity to avoid the impending harm and failed to do so is chargeable with the consequences thereof
• antecedent negligence of a person does not preclude the recovery of damages for the supervening negligence of, or bar a defense against liability sought by another, if the latter, who had the last fair chance, could have avoided the impending harm by the exercise of due diligence. 
• Here, assuming that RMC was negligent in entrusting cash to a dishonest employee, yet it cannot be denied that PBC bank, thru its teller, had the last clear opportunity to avert the injury incurred by its client, simply by faithfully observing their self-imposed validation procedure
• it cannot be denied that, indeed, private respondent was likewise negligent in not checking its monthly statements of account. Had it done so, the company would have been alerted to the series of frauds being committed against RMC by its secretary. The damage would definitely not have ballooned to such an amount if only RMC, particularly Romeo Lipana, had exercised even a little vigilance in their financial affairs. This omission by RMC amounts to contributory negligence which shall mitigate the damages that may be awarded to the private respondent
• 60-40 ratio. only the balance of 60% needs to be paid by the PBC

Canlas v. CA (2000)

• Summary: Osmundo Canlas agreed to sell the lands to Mañosca for P850K, P500K payable within 1 week, and the balance serves as his investment in the business. Mañosca mortgage to Atty. Manuel Magno the parcels of lands for P100K with the help of impostors who misrepresented themselves as the Spouses Canlas. Mañosca was granted a loan by the Asian Savings Bank (ASB) for P500K with the parcels of land as security and with the help of the same impostors.  The loan was left unpaid resulting in a extrajudicially foreclosure on the lots. RTC: restrained the sheriff from issuing a Certificate of Sheriff’s Sale and annulled the mortgage. CA: reversed holding Canlas estopped for coming to the bank with Mañosca and letting himself be introduced as Leonardo Rey SC: reversed CA but since there was negligence by Canlas no attorney's fees.
• Doctrines:
• doctrine of last clear chance (same definition as above)
• Antecedent Negligence: Osmundo Canlas was negligent in giving Vicente Mañosca the opportunity to perpetrate the fraud, by entrusting him the owner's copy of the transfer certificates of title of subject parcels of land
• Supervening Negligence: Failing to perform the simple expedient of faithfully complying with the requirements for banks to ascertain the identity of the persons transacting with them - ASB bears the loss

Engada v. CA (2003)

• Summary: The speeding Isuzu puck-up truck driven by Rogelio Engada came from the opposing direction and swerved to its left encroaching upon the lane of the Tamaraw driven by Iran and owned by Seyan.  In attempt to avoid the pick-up, Seyan shouted at Iran to swerve to the left but the Engada also swerved to its right hitting the Tamaraw at its right front passenger side causing its head and chassis to separate from its body.  Seyan was suffered injuries incurring P130,000 in medical expenses and the loss of the Tamaraw of P80,000. MTC, CA, SC: favored Seyan
• Doctrines:
• Engada's negligence was the proximate cause of the collision
• in abandoning his lane, he did not see to it first that the opposite lane was free of oncoming traffic and was available for a safe passage
• after seeing the Tamaraw jeepney ahead, he did not slow down
• emergency rule
• An individual who suddenly finds himself in a situation of danger and is required to act without much time to consider the best means that may be adopted to avoid the impending danger, is not guilty of negligence if he fails to undertake what subsequently and upon reflection may appear to be a better solution, unless the emergency was brought by his own negligence - Iran cannot be faulted
• at a distance of 30 meters from it and driving the Isuzu pick-up at a fast speed as it approached the Tamaraw, denied Iran time and opportunity to ponder the situation at all. There was no clear chance to speak of.