EN BANC
G.R. No. L-14003
August 5, 1960
FEDERICO AZAOLA, petitioner-appellant,
vs.
CESARIO SINGSON, oppositor-appellee.
F. Lavides and L.B. Alcuaz for appellant.
Vicente J. Cuna and P.S. Singson for appellee.
REYES, J.B.L., J.:
This appeal, taken on points of law from a decision rendered
on 15 January 1958 by the Court of First Instance of Quezon City in its Special
Proceedings No. Q-2640, involves the determination of the quantity of evidence
required for the probate of a holographic will.
The established facts are thus summarized in the decision
appealed from (Rec. App. pp. 22-24):
"Briefly speaking, the following facts were established
by the petitioner; that on September 9, 1957, Fortunata S. Vda. de Yance died
at 13 Luskot, Quezon City, known to be the last residence of said testatrix;
that Francisco Azaola, petitioner herein for probate of the holographic will,
submitted the said holographic will (Exh. C) whereby Maria Milagros Azaola was
made the sole heir as against the nephew of deceased Cesario Singson; that
witness Francisco Azaola testified that he saw the holographic will (Exh. C)
one month, more or less, before the death of the testatrix, as the same was
handed to him and his wife; that the witness testified also that he recognized
all the signatures appearing in the holographic will (Exh. C) as the
handwriting of the testatrix and to reinforce said statement, witness presented
the mortgage (Exh. E), the special power of the attorney (Exh. F), and the
general power of attorney (Exh. F-1), besides the deeds of sale (Exhs. G and
G-1) including an affidavit (Exh. G-2), and that there were further exhibited
in court two residence certificates (Exhs. H and H-1) to show the signatures of
the testatrix, for comparison purposes; that said witness, Azaola, testified
that the penmanship appearing in the aforesaid documentary evidence is in the
handwriting of the testatrix as well as the signatures appearing in the
aforesaid documentary evidence is in the handwriting of the testatrix as well
as the signatures appearing therein are the signatures of the testatrix; that
said witness, in answer to a question of his counsel admitted that the
holographic will was handed to him by the testatrix. "apparently it must
have been written by her" (t.s.n., p. 11). However, on page 16 on the same
transcript of the stenographic notes, when the same witness was asked by
counsel if he was familiar with the penmanship and handwriting of the deceased
Fortunata Vda. de Yance, he answered positively in the affirmative and when he
was asked again whether the penmanship referred to in the previous answer as
appearing in the holographic will (Exh. C) was hers (testatrix'), he answered,
"I would definitely say it is hers"; that it was also established in
the proceedings that the assessed value of the property of the deceased in
Luskot, Quezon City, is in the amount of P7,000.00.
The opposition to the probate was on the ground that (1) the
execution of the will was procured by undue and improper pressure and influence
on the part of the petitioner and his wife, and (2) that the testatrix did not
seriously intend the instrument to be her last will, and that the same was
actually written either on the 5th or 6th day of August 1957 and not on
November 20, 1956 as appears on the will.
The probate was denied on the ground that under Article 811
of the Civil Code, the proponent must present three witnesses who could declare
that the will and the signature are in the writing of the testatrix, the
probate being contested; and because the lone witness presented by the
proponent "did not prove sufficiently that the body of the will was
written in the handwriting of the testatrix."
The proponent appealed, urging: first, that he was not bound
to produce more than one witness because the will's authenticity was not
questioned; and second, that Article 811 does not mandatorily require the
production of three witnesses to identify the handwriting and signature of a
holographic will, even if its authenticity should be denied by the adverse
party.
Article 811 of the Civil Code of the Philippines is to the
following effect:
ART. 811. In the probate of a holographic will, it shall be
necessary that at least one witness who knows the handwriting and signature of
the testator explicitly declare that the will and the signature are in the
handwriting of the testator. If the will is contested, at least three of such
witnesses shall be required.
In the absence of any competent witnesses referred to in the
preceding paragraph, and if the court deems it necessary, expert testimony may
be resorted to. (691a).
We agree with the appellant that since the authenticity of
the will was not contested, he was not required to produce more than one
witness; but even if the genuineness of the holographic will were contested, we
are of the opinion that Article 811 of our present Civil Code can not be
interpreted as to require the compulsory presentation of three witnesses to
identify the handwriting of the testator, under penalty of having the probate
denied. Since no witness may have been present at the execution of a
holographic will, none being required by law (Art. 810, new Civil Code), it
becomes obvious that the existence of witness possessing the requisite
qualifications is a matter beyond the control of the proponent. For it is not
merely a question of finding and producing any three witnesses; they must be
witnesses "who know the handwriting and signature of the testator"
and who can declare (truthfully, of course, even if the law does not so
express) "that the will and the signature are in the handwriting of the
testator". There may be no available witness of the testator's hand; or
even if so familiarized, the witnesses may be unwilling to give a positive
opinion. Compliance with the rule of paragraph 1 of Article 811 may thus become
an impossibility. That is evidently the reason why the second paragraph of
Article 811 prescribes that —
in the absence of any competent witness referred to in the
preceding paragraph, and if the court deems it necessary, expert testimony may
be resorted to.
As can be seen, the law foresees the possibility that no
qualified witness may be found (or what amounts to the same thing, that no
competent witness may be willing to testify to the authenticity of the will),
and provides for resort to expert evidence to supply the deficiency.
It may be true that the rule of this article (requiring that
three witnesses be presented if the will is contested and only one if no
contest is had) was derived from the rule established for ordinary testaments
(cf. Cabang vs. Delfinado, 45 Phil., 291; Tolentino vs. Francisco, 57 Phil.,
742). But it can not be ignored that the requirement can be considered
mandatory only in the case of ordinary testaments, precisely because the
presence of at least three witnesses at the execution of ordinary wills is made
by law essential to their validity (Art. 805). Where the will is holographic,
no witness need be present (Art. 10), and the rule requiring production of
three witnesses must be deemed merely permissive if absurd results are to be
avoided.
Again, under Article 811, the resort to expert evidence is
conditioned by the words "if the Court deem it necessary", which
reveal that what the law deems essential is that the Court should be convinced
of the will's authenticity. Where the prescribed number of witnesses is
produced and the court is convinced by their testimony that the ill is genuine,
it may consider it unnecessary to call for expert evidence. On the other hand,
if no competent witness is available, or none of those produced is convincing,
the Court may still, and in fact it should, resort to handwriting experts. The
duty of the Court, in fine, is to exhaust all available lines of inquiry, for
the state is as much interested as the proponent that the true intention of the
testator be carried into effect.
Commenting on analogous provisions of Article 691 of the
Spanish Civil Code of 1889, the noted Commentator, Mucuis Scaevola (Vol. 12,
2nd Ed., p.421), sagely remarks:
La manera como esta concebida la redaccion del ultimo
apartado de dicho precepto induce la conclusion de que siempre o por lo menos,
en la mayor parte de los casos, el Juez debe acudir al criterio pericial para
que le ilustre acerca de la autenticidad del testamento olografo, aunque ya
esten insertas en los autos del expediente las declaraciones testificales. La
prudencia con que el Juez debe de proceder en resoluciones de transcendencia
asi lo exige, y la indole delicada y peligrosa del testamento olografo lo hace
necesario para mayor garantia de todos los interes comprometidos en aquel.
En efecto, el cotejo pericial de letras puede ser una
confirmacion facultativa del dicho profano de los testigos y un modo de
desvanecer las ultimas dudas que pudieran ocurrir al Juez acerca de la
autenticidad que trata de averigaur y declarar. Para eso se ha escrito la frase
del citado ultimo apartado, (siempre que el Juez lo estime conveniente), haya
habido o no testigos y dudaran o no estos respecto de los extremos por que son
preguntados.
El arbitrio judicial en este caso debe formarse con
independencia de los sucesos y de su significacion, para responder debidamente
de las resoluciones que haya de dictar.
And because the law leaves it to the trial court if experts
are still needed, no unfavourable inference can be drawn from a party's failure
to offer expert evidence, until and unless the court expresses dissatisfaction
with the testimony of the lay witnesses.
Our conclusion is that the rule of the first paragraph of
Article 811 of the Civil Code is merely directory and is not mandatory.
Considering, however, that this is the first occasion in
which this Court has been called upon to construe the import of said article,
the interest of justice would be better served, in our opinion, by giving the
parties ample opportunity to adduce additional evidence, including expert
witnesses, should the Court deem them necessary.
In view of the foregoing, the decision appealed from is set
aside, and the records ordered remanded to the Court of origin, with
instructions to hold a new trial in conformity with this opinion. But evidence
already on record shall not be retaken. No costs.
Bengzon, Padilla, Bautista Angelo, Labrador, Concepcion,
Barrera and Gutierrez David, JJ., concur.