G.R. No. 95322 March
1, 1993
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee,
vs.
PABLITO DOMASIAN AND DR. SAMSON TAN, accused-appellant.
The Solicitor General for plaintiff-appellee.
Silvestre L. Tagarao for appellant Pablito Domasian.
Lino M. Patajo for appellant Dr. Samson Tan.
CRUZ, J.:
The boy was detained for only about three hours and was
released even before his parents received the ransom note. But it spawned a
protracted trial spanning all of 8 years and led to the conviction of the two
accused. 1
The victim was Enrico Paulo Agra, who was 8 years old at the
time of the incident in question. The accused were Pablito Domasian and Samson Tan, the latter
then a resident physician
in the hospital owned by Enrico's parents. They were represented by
separate lawyers at the trial and filed separate briefs in this appeal.
The evidence of the prosecution showed that in the morning of March 11, 1982,
while Enrico was walking
with a classmate along Roque street in the poblacion of Lopez, Quezon, he was
approached by a man who requested his assistance in getting his father's
signature on a medical certificate. Enrico agreed to help and rode with the man
in a tricycle to Calantipayan, where he waited outside while the man went into
a building to get the certificate. Enrico became apprehensive and started to
cry when, instead of taking him to the hospital, the man flagged a minibus and
forced him inside, holding him firmly all the while. The man told him to stop
crying or he would not be returned to his father. When they alighted at Gumaca,
they took another tricycle, this time bound for the municipal building from
where they walked to the market. Here the man talked to a jeepney driver and
handed him an envelope addressed to Dr. Enrique Agra, the boy's father. The two
then boarded a tricycle headed for San Vicente, with the man still firmly
holding Enrico, who continued crying. This aroused the suspicion of the driver,
Alexander Grate, who asked the man about his relationship with the boy. The man
said he and the boy were brothers, making Grate doubly suspicious because of
the physical differences between the two and the wide gap between their ages.
Grate immediately reported the matter to two barangay tanods when his
passengers alighted from the tricycle. Grate and the tanods went after the two
and saw the man dragging the boy. Noticing that they were being pursued, the
man told Enrico to run fast as their pursuers might behead them. Somehow, the
man managed to escape, leaving Enrico behind. Enrico was on his way home in a
passenger jeep when he met his parents, who were riding in the hospital
ambulance and already looking for him. 2
At
about 1:45 in the afternoon of the same day, after Enrico's return, Agra
received an envelope containing a ransom note. The note demanded P1 million for
the release of Enrico and warned that otherwise the boy would be killed. Agra
thought the handwriting in the note was familiar. After comparing it with some
records in the hospital, he gave the note to the police, which referred it to
the NBI for examination. 3
The test showed that it bad been written by Dr. Samson Tan. 4 On the
other hand, Enrico was
shown a folder of pictures in the police station so be could identify the man
who had detained him, and he pointed to the picture of Pablito Domasian.
5 Domasian and Tan were
subsequently charged with the crime of kidnapping with serious illegal
detention in the Regional Trial Court of Quezon. 6
The
defense of both accused was denial and alibi. Domasian claimed that at the time
of the incident he was watching a mahjong game in a friend's house and later
went to an optical clinic with his wife for the refraction of his eyeglasses.
7 Dr. Tan for his part
said he was in Manila. 8
After trial Judge Enrico A. Lanzanas found both accused guilty as charged and sentenced
them to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua and all accessory penalties.
They were also required to pay P200,000.00 to Dr. and Mrs. Enrique Agra as
actual and moral damages and attorney's fees.
In the present appeal, the accused-appellants reiterate
their denial of any participation in the incident in question. They belittle
the credibility of the prosecution witnesses and submit that their own
witnesses are more believable. Tan specifically challenges the findings of the
NBI and offers anew the opposite findings of the PC/INP showing that he was not
the writer of the ransom note. He maintains that in any case, the crime alleged
is not kidnapping with serious illegal detention as no detention in an enclosure
was involved. If at all, it should be denominated and punished only as grave
coercion. Finally, both Domasian and Tan insist that there is no basis for the
finding of a conspiracy between them to make them criminally liable in equal
degree.
First, on the credibility of the witnesses. This is assessed
in the first instance by the trial judge, whose finding in this regard is
received with much respect by the appellate court because of his opportunity to
directly observe the demeanor of the witnesses on the stand.
In the case at bar, Judge Lanzanas relied heavily on the testimony of the
victim himself, who positively identified Domasian as the person who detained
him for three hours. The trial court observed that the boy was
"straight-forward, natural and consistent" in the narration of his
detention. The boy's naivete made him even more believable. Tirso Ferreras,
Enrico's classmate and also his age, pointed to Domasian with equal certainty,
as the man who approached Enrico when they were walking together that morning
of March 11, 1982. Grate, the tricycle driver who suspected Enrico's companion
and later chased him, was also positive in identifying Domasian. All
these three witnesses did not know Domasian until that same morning and could
have no ill motive in testifying against him. By contrast, Eugenia Agtay, who testified for the
defense, can hardly be considered a disinterested witness because she admitted
she had known Domasian for 3 years.
The defense asks why Domasian openly took Enrico to several public
places if the intention was to kidnap and detain him. That is for Domasian
himself to answer. We do no have to probe the reasons for the irrational
conduct of an accused. The more important question, as we see it, is why
Domasian detained Enrico in the first place after pretending he needed the
boy's help. That is also for Domasian to explain. As for Enrico's alleged
willingness to go with Domasian, this was manifested only at the beginning,
when he believed the man sincerely needed his assistance. But he was soon
disabused. His initial confidence gave way to fear when Domasian, after taking
him so far away from the hospital where he was going, restrained and threatened
him if he did not stop crying.
Domasian's alibi cannot stand against his positive
identification by Enrico, Grate and Ferreras, let alone the contradictions made
by his corroborating witness, Dr. Irene Argosino, regarding the time he was in
the optical clinic and the manner of his payment for the refraction. 9 Tan's
alibi is not convincing either. The circumstance that he may have been in
Manila at the time of the incident does not prove that he could not have
written the ransom note except at that time.
Concerning the note, Rule 132, Section 22, of the Rules of
Court provides as follows:
The handwriting of a person may be proved by any witness who
believes it to be the handwriting of such person and has seen the person write,
or has seen writing purporting to be his upon which the witness has acted or
been charged and has thus acquired knowledge of the handwriting of such person.
Evidence respecting the handwriting may also be given by a comparison, made by
the witness or the court with writings admitted or treated as genuine by the
party against whom the evidence is offered or proved to be genuine to the
satisfaction of the judge.
Two expert witnesses were presented in the case at bar, one
from the NBI, 10 who opined that the ransom note and the standard documents
were written by one and the same person, and another from the PC/INP 11 who
expressed a contrary conclusion. The trial court chose to believe the NBI
expert because his examination and analysis "was more comprehensive than
the one conducted by the PC/INP handwriting expert, who virtually limited his
reliance on the perceived similarities and dissimilarities in the pattern and
style of the writing, thereby disregarding the basic principle in handwriting
identification that it is not the form alone nor anyone feature but rather a
combination of all the qualities that identify."
We have held that the value of the opinion of a handwriting
expert depends not upon his mere statements of whether a writing is genuine or
false, but upon the assistance he may afford in pointing out distinguishing
marks, characteristics and discrepancies in and between genuine and false
specimens of writing which would ordinarily escape notice or detection from an
unpracticed observer. 12 The test of genuineness ought to be the resemblance,
not the formation of letters in some other specimens but to the general
character of writing, which is impressed on it as the involuntary and
unconscious result
of constitution, habit or other permanent course, and is,
therefore itself permanent. 13
Presented with the conflicting opinions of the witnesses in
the case at bar, the Court feels that the scales should tilt in favor of the
prosecution. Significantly, the NBI opinion was bolstered by the testimony of
Agra, who believed that the ransom note was written by Tan, with whose
handwriting he was familiar because they had been working in the hospital for
four years and he had seen that handwriting every day in Tan's prescriptions
and daily reports. 14
Cesar v. Sandiganbayan 15 is not applicable because that
case involved a forgery or the deliberate imitation of another person's
signature. In the case before us, there was in fact an effort to disguise the
ransom note writer's penmanship to prevent his discovery.
As for the nature of the crime committed, Article 267 of the
Revised Penal Code provides as follows:
Art. 267. Kidnapping
and serious illegal detention. — Any private individual who shall kidnap or
detain another, or in any manner deprive him of his liberty, shall suffer the
penalty of reclusion perpetua to death:
1. If the kidnapping
or detention shall have lasted more than five days.
2. If it shall have
been committed simulating public authority.
3. If any serious
physical injuries shall have been inflicted upon the person kidnapped or
detained; of if threats to kill him shall have been made.
4. If the person
kidnapped or detained shall be a minor, female or a public officer.
The penalty shall be death where the kidnapping or detention
was committed for the purpose of extorting ransom from the victim or any other
person; even if none of the circumstances above-mentioned were present in the
commission of the offense.
Contrary
to Tan's submission, this crime may consist not only in placing a person in an
enclosure but also in detaining him or depriving him in any manner of his
liberty. 16 In the case at bar, it is noted that although the victim was
not confined in an enclosure, he was deprived of his liberty when Domasian
restrained him from going home and dragged him first into the minibus that took
them to the municipal building in Gumaca, thence to the market and then into
the tricycle bound for San Vicente. The detention was committed by Domasian,
who was a private individual, and Enrico was a minor at that time. The crime
clearly comes under Par. 4 of the above-quoted article.
Tan
claims that the lower court erred in not finding that the sending of the ransom
note was an impossible crime which he says is not punishable. His reason
is that the second paragraph of Article 4 of the Revised Penal Code provides
that criminal liability shall be incurred "by any person performing an act
which would be an offense against persons or property, were it not for the
inherent impossibility of its accomplishment or on account of the employment of
inadequate or ineffectual means." As the crime alleged is not against
persons or property but against liberty, he argues that it is not covered by
the said provision.
Tan
conveniently forgets the first paragraphs of the same article, which clearly
applies to him, thus:
Art. 4. Criminal liability. — Criminal liability
shall be incurred:
1. By any person committing a felony (delito)
although the wrongful act done be different from that which he intended.
xxx xxx xxx
Even
before the ransom note was received, the crime of kidnapping with serious
illegal detention had already been committed. The act cannot be considered an
impossible crime because there was no inherent improbability of its
accomplishment or the employment of inadequate or ineffective means. The
delivery of the ransom note after the rescue of the victim did not extinguish
the offense, which had already been consummated when Domasian deprived Enrico
of his liberty. The sending of the ransom note would have had the effect only
of increasing the penalty to death under the last paragraph of Article 267
although this too would not have been possible under the new Constitution.
On the
issue of conspiracy, we note first that it exists when two or more persons come
to an agreement concerning the commission of a felony and decide to commit it,
whether they act through physical volition of one or all, proceeding severally
or collectively. 17
It is settled that conspiracy can be inferred from and
proven by the acts of the accused themselves when said acts point to a joint
purpose and design, concerted action and community of interests. 18 In the
instant case, the trial court correctly held that conspiracy was proved by the
act of Domasian in detaining Enrico; the writing of the ransom note by Tan; and
its delivery by Domasian to Agra. These acts were complementary to each other and geared toward the
attainment of the common ultimate objective, viz., to extort the ransom of P1
million in exchange for Enrico's life.
The
motive for the offense is not difficult to discover. According to Agra, Tan
approached him six days before the incident happened and requested a loan of at
least P15,000.00. Agra said he had no funds at that moment and Tan did not
believe him, angrily saying that Agra could even raise a million pesos if he
really wanted to help. 19 The refusal obviously triggered the plan to kidnap
Enrico and demand P1 million for his release.
The constitutional issues raised by Domasian do not affect
the decision in this case. His claim that he was arrested without warrant and
then tortured and held incommunicado to extort a confession from him does not
vitiate his conviction. He never gave any confession. As for the allegation
that the seizure of the documents used for comparison with the ransom note was
made without a search warrant, it suffices to say that such documents were taken
by Agra himself and not by the NBI agents or other police authorities. We held
in the case of People vs. Andre Marti, 20 that the Bill of Rights cannot be
invoked against acts of private individuals, being directed only against the
government and its law-enforcement agencies and limitation on official action.
We are
satisfied that Tan and Domasian, in conspiracy with each other, committed the
crime of kidnapping as defined and penalized under Article 267 of the Revised
Penal Code and so deserve the penalty imposed upon them by the trial court.
WHEREFORE,
the appealed decision is AFFIRMED, with costs against the accused-appellants.
Let a copy of this decision be sent to the Commission on
Human Rights for investigation of the alleged violation of the constitutional
rights of Pablito Domasian.
SO ORDERED.
Griño-Aquino, Bellosillo and Quiason, JJ., concur.