SUPREME COURT
Manila
EN BANC
G.R. No. L-5272
March 19, 1910
THE UNITED STATES, plaintiff-appellee,
vs.
AH CHONG, defendant-appellant.
vs.
AH CHONG, defendant-appellant.
Gibb & Gale, for appellant.
Attorney-General Villamor, for appellee.
Attorney-General Villamor, for appellee.
CARSON, J.:
The evidence as to many of the essential
and vital facts in this case is limited to the testimony of the accused
himself, because from the very nature of these facts and from the circumstances
surrounding the incident upon which these proceedings rest, no other evidence
as to these facts was available either to the prosecution or to the defense. We
think, however, that, giving the accused the benefit of the doubt as to the
weight of the evidence touching those details of the incident as to which there
can be said to be any doubt, the following statement of the material facts
disclose by the record may be taken to be substantially correct:
The defendant, Ah Chong, was employed as a cook at
"Officers' quarters, No. 27," Fort Mc Kinley, Rizal Province, and at
the same place Pascual Gualberto, deceased, was employed as a house boy or muchacho.
"Officers' quarters No. 27" as a detached house situates some 40
meters from the nearest building, and in August, 19087, was occupied solely as
an officers' mess or club. No one slept in the house except the two servants,
who jointly occupied a small room toward the rear of the building, the door of
which opened upon a narrow porch running along the side of the building, by
which communication was had with the other part of the house. This porch was
covered by a heavy growth of vines for its entire length and height. The door
of the room was not furnished with a permanent bolt or lock, and occupants, as
a measure of security, had attached a small hook or catch on the inside of the
door, and were in the habit of reinforcing this somewhat insecure means of
fastening the door by placing against it a chair. In the room there was but one
small window, which, like the door, opened on the porch. Aside from the door
and window, there were no other openings of any kind in the room.
On the night of August 14, 1908, at about 10 o'clock, the
defendant, who had received for the night, was suddenly awakened by some trying
to force open the door of the room. He sat up in bed and called out twice,
"Who is there?" He heard no answer and was convinced by the noise at
the door that it was being pushed open by someone bent upon forcing his way
into the room. Due to the heavy growth of vines along the front of the porch,
the room was very dark, and the defendant, fearing that the intruder was a
robber or a thief, leaped to his feet and called out. "If you enter the
room, I will kill you." At that moment he was struck just above the knee
by the edge of the chair which had been placed against the door. In the
darkness and confusion the defendant thought that the blow had been inflicted
by the person who had forced the door open, whom he supposed to be a burglar,
though in the light of after events, it is probable that the chair was merely
thrown back into the room by the sudden opening of the door against which it
rested. Seizing a common
kitchen knife which he kept under his pillow, the defendant struck out wildly
at the intruder who, it afterwards turned out, was his roommate, Pascual.
Pascual ran out upon the porch and fell down on the steps in a desperately
wounded condition, followed by the defendant, who immediately recognized him in
the moonlight. Seeing that
Pascual was wounded, he called to his employers who slept in the next house,
No. 28, and ran back to his room to secure bandages to bind up Pascual's
wounds.
There had been several robberies in Fort McKinley not long prior to the
date of the incident just described, one of which took place in a house in
which the defendant was employed as cook; and as defendant alleges, it was
because of these repeated robberies he kept a knife under his pillow for his
personal protection.
The deceased and the accused, who roomed
together and who appear to have on friendly and amicable terms prior to the fatal
incident, had an understanding that when either returned at night, he should
knock at the door and acquiant his companion with his identity. Pascual had
left the house early in the evening and gone for a walk with his friends,
Celestino Quiambao and Mariano Ibañez, servants employed at officers' quarters
No. 28, the nearest house to the mess hall. The three returned from their walk
at about 10 o'clock, and Celestino and Mariano stopped at their room at No. 28,
Pascual going on to his room at No. 27. A few moments after the party
separated, Celestino and Mariano heard cries for assistance and upon returning
to No. 27 found Pascual sitting on the back steps fatally wounded in the
stomach, whereupon one of them ran back to No. 28 and called Liuetenants Jacobs
and Healy, who immediately went to the aid of the wounded man.
The defendant then and there admitted that
he had stabbed his roommate, but said that he did it under the impression that
Pascual was "a ladron" because he forced open the door of their sleeping
room, despite defendant's warnings.
No reasonable explanation of the remarkable conduct on the part of
Pascuals suggests itself, unless it be that the boy in a spirit of mischief was
playing a trick on his Chinese roommate, and sought to
frightened him by forcing his way into the room, refusing to give his name or
say who he was, in order to make Ah Chong believe that he was being attacked by
a robber.
Defendant was placed under arrest
forthwith, and Pascual was conveyed to the military hospital, where he died
from the effects of the wound on the following day.
The defendant was charged with the crime
of assassination, tried, and found guilty by the trial court of simple homicide, with extenuating
circumstances, and sentenced to six years and one day presidio mayor,
the minimum penalty prescribed by law.
At the trial in the court below the
defendant admitted that he killed his roommate, Pascual Gualberto, but insisted
that he struck the fatal blow without any intent to do a wrongful act, in the
exercise of his lawful right of self-defense.
Article 8 of the Penal Code provides that
—
The following are not delinquent and are
therefore exempt from criminal liability:
xxx
xxx xxx
4 He who acts in defense of his person or
rights, provided there are the following attendant circumstances:
(1) Illegal aggression.
(2) Reasonable necessity of the means
employed to prevent or repel it.
(3) Lack of sufficient provocation on the
part of the person defending himself.
Under these provisions we think that there
can be no doubt that defendant would be entitle to complete exception from
criminal liability for the death of the victim of his fatal blow, if the
intruder who forced open the door of his room had been in fact a dangerous
thief or "ladron," as the defendant believed him to be. No one, under
such circumstances, would doubt the right of the defendant to resist and repel
such an intrusion, and the thief having forced open the door notwithstanding
defendant's thrice-repeated warning to desist, and his threat that he would
kill the intruder if he persisted in his attempt, it will not be questioned
that in the darkness of the night, in a small room, with no means of escape,
with the thief advancing upon him despite his warnings defendant would have been
wholly justified in using any available weapon to defend himself from such an
assault, and in striking promptly, without waiting for the thief to discover
his whereabouts and deliver the first blow.
But the evidence clearly discloses that
the intruder was not a thief or a "ladron." That neither the
defendant nor his property nor any of the property under his charge was in real
danger at the time when he struck the fatal blow. That there was no such
"unlawful aggression" on the part of a thief or "ladron" as
defendant believed he was repelling and resisting, and that there was no real
"necessity" for the use of the knife to defend his person or his
property or the property under his charge.
The question then squarely presents it
self, whether in this jurisdiction
one can be held criminally responsible who, by reason of a mistake as to the
facts, does an act for which he would be exempt from criminal liability if the
facts were as he supposed them to be, but which would constitute the crime of
homicide or assassination if the actor had known the true state of the facts at
the time when he committed the act. To this question we think there can
be but one answer, and we hold that under such circumstances there is no
criminal liability, provided always that the alleged ignorance or mistake or
fact was not due to negligence or bad faith.
In broader terms, ignorance or mistake of
fact, if such ignorance or mistake of fact is sufficient to negative a
particular intent which under the law is a necessary ingredient of the offense
charged (e.g., in larcerny, animus furendi; in murder, malice; in crimes
intent) "cancels the presumption of intent," and works an acquittal;
except in those cases where the circumstances demand a conviction under the
penal provisions touching criminal negligence; and in cases where, under the
provisions of article 1 of the Penal Code one voluntarily committing a crime or
misdeamor incurs criminal liability for any wrongful act committed by him, even
though it be different from that which he intended to commit. (Wharton's
Criminal Law, sec. 87 and cases cited; McClain's Crim. Law, sec. 133 and cases
cited; Pettit vs. S., 28 Tex. Ap., 240; Commonwealth vs. Power, 7
Met., 596; Yates vs. People, 32 N.Y., 509; Isham vs. State, 38
Ala., 213; Commonwealth vs. Rogers, 7 Met., 500.)
The general proposition thus stated hardly
admits of discussion, and the only question worthy of consideration is whether malice or criminal
intent is an essential element or ingredient of the crimes of homicide and
assassination as defined and penalized in the Penal Code. It has been said that
since the definitions there given of these as well as most other crimes and
offense therein defined, do not specifically and expressly declare that the
acts constituting the crime or offense must be committed with malice or with
criminal intent in order that the actor may be held criminally liable, the commission of the acts
set out in the various definitions subjects the actor to the penalties
described therein, unless it appears that he is exempted from liability under
one or other of the express provisions of article 8 of the code, which treats
of exemption. But while it is true that contrary to the general rule of
legislative enactment in the United States, the definitions of crimes and
offenses as set out in the Penal Code rarely contain provisions expressly
declaring that malice or criminal intent is an essential ingredient of the
crime, nevertheless, the general provisions of article 1 of the code clearly
indicate that malice, or criminal intent in some form, is an essential
requisite of all crimes and offense therein defined, in the absence of express
provisions modifying the general rule, such as are those touching liability
resulting from acts negligently or imprudently committed, and acts done by one
voluntarily committing a crime or misdemeanor, where the act committed is
different from that which he intended to commit. And it is to be observed that
even these exceptions are more apparent than real, for "There is little distinction,
except in degree, between a will to do a wrongful thing and indifference
whether it is done or not. Therefore carelessness is criminal, and within
limits supplies the place of the affirmative criminal intent" (Bishop's
New Criminal Law, vol. 1, s. 313); and, again, "There is so little
difference between a disposition to do a great harm and a disposition to do
harm that one of them may very well be looked upon as the measure of the other.
Since, therefore, the guilt of a crime consists in the disposition to do harm,
which the criminal shows by committing it, and since this disposition is
greater or less in proportion to the harm which is done by the crime, the
consequence is that the guilt of the crime follows the same proportion; it is
greater or less according as the crime in its own nature does greater or less
harm" (Ruth. Ints. C. 18, p. 11); or, as it has been otherwise stated, the
thing done, having proceeded from a corrupt mid, is to be viewed the same
whether the corruption was of one particular form or another.
Article 1 of the Penal Code is as follows:
Crimes or misdemeanors are voluntary acts and ommissions punished by
law.
Acts and omissions punished by law are
always presumed to be voluntarily unless the contrary shall appear.
An person voluntarily committing a crime or misdemeanor shall incur
criminal liability, even though the wrongful act committed be different from
that which he had intended to commit.
The celebrated Spanish jurist Pacheco,
discussing the meaning of the word "voluntary" as used in this article, say that a voluntary act
is a free, intelligent, and intentional act, and roundly asserts
that without intention (intention to do wrong or criminal intention) there can
be no crime; and that the word "voluntary" implies and includes
the words "con malicia," which were expressly set out in the
definition of the word "crime" in the code of 1822, but omitted from
the code of 1870, because, as Pacheco insists, their use in the former code was
redundant, being implied and included in the word "voluntary."
(Pacheco, Codigo Penal, vol. 1, p. 74.)
Viada, while insisting that the absence of
intention to commit the crime can only be said to exempt from criminal
responsibility when the act which was actually intended to be done was in itself
a lawful one, and in the absence of negligence or imprudence, nevertheless
admits and recognizes in his discussion of the provisions of this article of
the code that in general without intention there can be no crime. (Viada, vol.
1, p. 16.) And, as we have shown above, the exceptions insisted upon by Viada
are more apparent than real.
Silvela, in discussing the doctrine herein
laid down, says:
In fact, it is sufficient to remember the
first article, which declared that where there is no intention there is no
crime . . . in order to affirm, without fear of mistake, that under our code
there can be no crime if there is no act, an act which must fall within the
sphere of ethics if there is no moral injury. (Vol. 2, the Criminal Law, folio
169.)
And to the same effect are various
decisions of the supreme court of Spain, as, for example in its sentence of May
31, 1882, in which it made use of the following language:
It is necessary that this act, in order to
constitute a crime, involve all the malice which is supposed from the operation
of the will and an intent to cause the injury which may be the object of the
crime.
And again in its sentence of March 16,
1892, wherein it held that "considering that, whatever may be the civil
effects of the inscription of his three sons, made by the appellant in the
civil registry and in the parochial church, there can be no crime because of
the lack of the necessary element or criminal intention, which characterizes
every action or ommission punished by law; nor is he guilty of criminal
negligence."
And to the same effect in its sentence of
December 30, 1896, it made use of the following language:
. . . Considering that the moral element
of the crime, that is, intent or malice or their absence in the commission of
an act defined and punished by law as criminal, is not a necessary question of
fact submitted to the exclusive judgment and decision of the trial court.
That the author of the Penal Code deemed
criminal intent or malice to be an essential element of the various crimes and
misdemeanors therein defined becomes clear also from an examination of the
provisions of article 568, which are as follows:
He who shall execute through reckless
negligence an act that, if done with malice, would constitute a grave crime,
shall be punished with the penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum
degree, to prision correccional in its minimum degrees if it shall
constitute a less grave crime.
He who in violation of the regulations
shall commit a crime through simple imprudence or negligence shall incur the
penalty of arresto mayor in its medium and maximum degrees.
In the application of these penalties the
courts shall proceed according to their discretion, without being subject to
the rules prescribed in article 81.
The provisions of this article shall not
be applicable if the penalty prescribed for the crime is equal to or less than
those contained in the first paragraph thereof, in which case the courts shall
apply the next one thereto in the degree which they may consider proper.
The word "malice" in this
article is manifestly substantially equivalent to the words "criminal
intent," and the direct inference from its provisions is that the
commission of the acts contemplated therein, in the absence of malice (criminal
intent), negligence, and imprudence, does not impose any criminal liability on
the actor.
The word "voluntary" as used in
article 1 of the Penal Code would seem to approximate in meaning the word
"willful" as used in English and American statute to designate a form
of criminal intent. It has been said that while the word "willful"
sometimes means little more than intentionally or designedly, yet it is more
frequently understood to extent a little further and approximate the idea of
the milder kind of legal malice; that is, it signifies an evil intent without
justifiable excuse. In one case it was said to mean, as employed in a statute
in contemplation, "wantonly" or "causelessly;" in another,
"without reasonable grounds to believe the thing lawful." And Shaw,
C. J., once said that ordinarily in a statute it means "not merely
`voluntarily' but with a bad purpose; in other words, corruptly." In English and the American
statutes defining crimes "malice," "malicious,"
"maliciously," and "malice aforethought" are words
indicating intent, more purely technical than "willful" or
willfully," but "the difference between them is not great;" the
word "malice" not often being understood to require general
malevolence toward a particular individual, and signifying rather the intent
from our legal justification. (Bishop's New Criminal Law, vol. 1, secs.
428 and 429, and cases cited.)
But even in the absence of express words
in a statute, setting out a condition in the definition of a crime that it be
committed "voluntarily," willfully," "maliciously"
"with malice aforethought," or in one of the various modes generally
construed to imply a criminal intent, we think that reasoning from general
principles it will always be found that with the rare exceptions hereinafter
mentioned, to constitute a crime evil intent must combine with an act. Mr.
Bishop, who supports his position with numerous citations from the decided
cases, thus forcely present this doctrine:
In no one thing does criminal
jurisprudence differ more from civil than in the rule as to the intent. In
controversies between private parties the quo animo with which a thing
was done is sometimes important, not always; but crime proceeds only from a
criminal mind. So that —
There can be no crime, large or small,
without an evil mind. In other words, punishment is the sentence of wickedness,
without which it can not be. And neither in philosophical speculation nor in
religious or mortal sentiment would any people in any age allow that a man
should be deemed guilty unless his mind was so. It is therefore a principle of
our legal system, as probably it is of every other, that the essence of an
offense is the wrongful intent, without which it can not exists. We find this
doctrine confirmed by —
Legal maxims. — The ancient wisdom of the law, equally with the modern, is
distinct on this subject. It consequently has supplied to us such maxims as Actus non facit reum nisi mens
sit rea,
"the act itself does not make man guilty unless his intention were
so;" Actus me incito factus non est meus actus, "an act done by me against my
will is not my act;" and others of the like sort. In this, as just
said, criminal jurisprudence differs from civil. So also —
Moral science and moral sentiment teach the same thing. "By reference to the intention, we
inculpate or exculpate others or ourselves without any respect to the happiness
or misery actually produced. Let the result of an action be what it may, we
hold a man guilty simply on the ground of intention; or, on the dame ground, we
hold him innocent." The calm judgment of mankind keeps this doctrine among
its jewels. In times of excitement, when vengeance takes the place of justice,
every guard around the innocent is cast down. But with the return of reason
comes the public voice that where the mind is pure, he who differs in act from
his neighbors does not offend. And —
In the spontaneous judgment which springs
from the nature given by God to man, no one deems another to deserve punishment
for what he did from an upright mind, destitute of every form of evil. And
whenever a person is made to suffer a punishment which the community deems not
his due, so far from its placing an evil mark upon him, it elevates him to the
seat of the martyr. Even infancy itself spontaneously pleads the want of bad
intent in justification of what has the appearance of wrong, with the utmost
confidence that the plea, if its truth is credited, will be accepted as good.
Now these facts are only the voice of nature uttering one of her immutable
truths. It is, then, the doctrine of the law, superior to all other doctrines,
because first in nature from which the law itself proceeds, that no man is to
be punished as a criminal unless his intent is wrong. (Bishop's New Criminal
Law, vol. 1, secs. 286 to 290.)
Compelled by necessity, "the great
master of all things," an apparent departure from this doctrine of
abstract justice result from the adoption of the arbitrary rule that Ignorantia
juris non excusat ("Ignorance of the law excuses no man"),
without which justice could not be administered in our tribunals; and compelled
also by the same doctrine of necessity, the courts have recognized the power of the legislature to
forbid, in a limited class of cases, the doing of certain acts, and to make
their commission criminal without regard to the intent of the doer. Without
discussing these exceptional cases at length, it is sufficient here to say that
the courts have always held that unless the intention of the lawmaker to make
the commission of certain acts criminal without regard to the intent of the
doer is clear and beyond question the statute will not be so construed
(cases cited in Cyc., vol. 12, p. 158, notes 76 and 77); and the rule that
ignorance of the law excuses no man has been said not to be a real departure
from the law's fundamental principle that crime exists only where the mind is
at fault, because "the evil purpose need not be to break the law, and if
suffices if it is simply to do the thing which the law in fact forbids."
(Bishop's New Criminal Law, sec. 300, and cases cited.)
But, however this may be, there is no
technical rule, and no pressing necessity therefore, requiring mistake in fact
to be dealt with otherwise that in strict accord with the principles of
abstract justice. On the contrary, the maxim here is Ignorantia facti
excusat ("Ignorance or mistake in point of fact is, in all cases of
supposed offense, a sufficient excuse"). (Brown's Leg. Max., 2d ed., 190.)
Since evil intent is in general an
inseparable element in every crime, any such mistake of fact as shows the act
committed to have proceeded from no sort of evil in the mind necessarily
relieves the actor from criminal liability provided always there is no fault or
negligence on his part; and as laid down by Baron Parke, "The guilt of the
accused must depend on the circumstances as they appear to him." (Reg. vs.
Thurborn, 1 Den. C., 387; P. vs. Anderson, 44 Cal.., 65; P. vs.
Lamb, 54 Barb., 342; Yates vs. P., 32 N. Y., 509; Patterson vs.
P., 46 Barb., 625; Reg. vs. Cohen, 8 Cox C. C., 41; P. vs. Miles,
55 Cal., 207, 209; Nalley vs. S., 28 Tex. Ap., 387.) That is to say, the
question as to whether he honestly, in good faith, and without fault or
negligence fell into the mistake is to be determined by the circumstances as
they appeared to him at the time when the mistake was made, and the effect
which the surrounding circumstances might reasonably be expected to have on his
mind, in forming the intent, criminal or other wise, upon which he acted.
If, in language not uncommon in the cases,
one has reasonable cause to believe the existence of facts which will
justify a killing — or, in terms more nicely in accord with the principles on
which the rule is founded, if without fault or carelessness he does believe
them — he is legally guiltless of the homicide; though he mistook the facts, and
so the life of an innocent person is unfortunately extinguished. In other
words, and with reference to the right of self-defense and the not quite
harmonious authorities, it is the doctrine of reason and sufficiently sustained
in adjudication, that notwithstanding some decisions apparently adverse,
whenever a man undertakes self-defense, he is justified in acting on the facts
as they appear to him. If, without fault or carelessness, he is misled
concerning them, and defends himself correctly according to what he thus
supposes the facts to be the law will not punish him though they are in truth
otherwise, and he was really no occassion for the extreme measures. (Bishop's
New Criminal Law, sec. 305, and large array of cases there cited.)
The common illustration in the American
and English textbooks of the application of this rule is the case where a man,
masked and disguised as a footpad, at night and on a lonely road, "holds
up" his friends in a spirit of mischief, and with leveled pistol demands
his money or his life, but is killed by his friend under the mistaken belief
that the attack is a real one, that the pistol leveled at his head is loaded,
and that his life and property are in imminent danger at the hands of the
aggressor. No one will doubt that if the facts were such as the slayer believed
them to be he would be innocent of the commission of any crime and wholly
exempt from criminal liability, although if he knew the real state of the facts
when he took the life of his friend he would undoubtedly be guilty of the crime
of homicide or assassination. Under such circumstances, proof of his innocent
mistake of the facts overcomes the presumption of malice or criminal intent,
and (since malice or criminal intent is a necessary ingredient of the "act
punished by law" in cases of homicide or assassination) overcomes at the
same time the presumption established in article 1 of the code, that the "act
punished by law" was committed "voluntarily."
Parson, C.J., in the Massachusetts court,
once said:
If the party killing had reasonable
grounds for believing that the person slain had a felonious design against him,
and under that supposition killed him, although it should afterwards appear
that there was no such design, it will not be murder, but it will be either
manslaughter or excusable homicide, according to the degree of caution used and
the probable grounds of such belief. (Charge to the grand jury in Selfridge's
case, Whart, Hom., 417, 418, Lloyd's report of the case, p.7.)
In this case, Parker, J., charging the
petit jury, enforced the doctrine as follows:
A, in the peaceable pursuit of his
affairs, sees B rushing rapidly toward him, with an outstretched arms and a
pistol in his hand, and using violent menaces against his life as he advances.
Having approached near enough in the same attitude, A, who has a club in his
hand, strikes B over the head before or at the instant the pistol is
discharged; and of the wound B dies. It turns out the pistol was loaded with
powder only, and that the real design of B was only to terrify A.
Will any reasonable man say that A is more criminal that he would have been if
there had been a bullet in the pistol? Those who hold such doctrine must
require that a man so attacked must, before he strikes the assailant, stop and
ascertain how the pistol is loaded — a doctrine which would entirely take away
the essential right of self-defense. And when it is considered that the jury
who try the cause, and not the party killing, are to judge of the reasonable
grounds of his apprehension, no danger can be supposed to flow from this
principle. (Lloyd's Rep., p. 160.)
To the same effect are various decisions
of the supreme court of Spain, cited by Viada, a few of which are here set out
in full because the facts are somewhat analogous to those in the case at bar.
QUESTION III. When it is shown that the
accused was sitting at his hearth, at night, in company only of his wife,
without other light than reflected from the fire, and that the man with his
back to the door was attending to the fire, there suddenly entered a person
whom he did not see or know, who struck him one or two blows, producing a
contusion on the shoulder, because of which he turned, seized the person and
took from his the stick with which he had undoubtedly been struck, and gave the
unknown person a blow, knocking him to the floor, and afterwards striking him
another blow on the head, leaving the unknown lying on the floor, and left the
house. It turned out the unknown person was his father-in-law, to whom he
rendered assistance as soon as he learned his identity, and who died in about
six days in consequence of cerebral congestion resulting from the blow. The
accused, who confessed the facts, had always sustained pleasant relations with
his father-in-law, whom he visited during his sickness, demonstrating great
grief over the occurrence. Shall he be considered free from criminal
responsibility, as having acted in self-defense, with all the circumstances
related in paragraph 4, article 8, of the Penal Code? The criminal branch of
the Audiencia of Valladolid found that he was an illegal aggressor,
without sufficient provocation, and that there did not exists rational
necessity for the employment of the force used, and in accordance with articles
419 and 87 of the Penal Code condemned him to twenty months of imprisonment,
with accessory penalty and costs. Upon appeal by the accused, he was acquitted
by the supreme court, under the following sentence: "Considering, from the
facts found by the sentence to have been proven, that the accused was surprised
from behind, at night, in his house beside his wife who was nursing her child,
was attacked, struck, and beaten, without being able to distinguish with which
they might have executed their criminal intent, because of the there was no
other than fire light in the room, and considering that in such a situation and
when the acts executed demonstrated that they might endanger his existence, and
possibly that of his wife and child, more especially because his assailant was
unknown, he should have defended himself, and in doing so with the same stick
with which he was attacked, he did not exceed the limits of self-defense, nor
did he use means which were not rationally necessary, particularly because the
instrument with which he killed was the one which he took from his assailant,
and was capable of producing death, and in the darkness of the house and the
consteration which naturally resulted from such strong aggression, it was not
given him to known or distinguish whether there was one or more assailants, nor
the arms which they might bear, not that which they might accomplish, and
considering that the lower court did not find from the accepted facts that
there existed rational necessity for the means employed, and that it did not
apply paragraph 4 of article 8 of the Penal Code, it erred, etc."
(Sentence of supreme court of Spain, February 28, 1876.) (Viada, Vol. I, p.
266.) .
QUESTION XIX. A person returning, at
night, to his house, which was situated in a retired part of the city, upon arriving
at a point where there was no light, heard the voice of a man, at a distance of
some 8 paces, saying: "Face down, hand over you money!" because of
which, and almost at the same money, he fired two shots from his pistol,
distinguishing immediately the voice of one of his friends (who had before
simulated a different voice) saying, "Oh! they have killed me," and
hastening to his assistance, finding the body lying upon the ground, he cried,
"Miguel, Miguel, speak, for God's sake, or I am ruined," realizing
that he had been the victim of a joke, and not receiving a reply, and observing
that his friend was a corpse, he retired from the place. Shall he be declared
exempt in toto from responsibility as the author of this homicide, as having
acted in just self-defense under the circumstances defined in paragraph 4,
article 8, Penal Code? The criminal branch of the Audiencia of Malaga
did not so find, but only found in favor of the accused two of the requisites
of said article, but not that of the reasonableness of the means employed to
repel the attack, and, therefore, condemned the accused to eight years and one
day of prison mayor, etc. The supreme court acquitted the accused on his
appeal from this sentence, holding that the accused was acting under a justifiable
and excusable mistake of fact as to the identity of the person calling to him,
and that under the circumstances, the darkness and remoteness, etc., the means
employed were rational and the shooting justifiable. (Sentence supreme court,
March 17, 1885.) (Viada, Vol. I, p. 136.)
QUESTION VI. The owner of a mill, situated
in a remote spot, is awakened, at night, by a large stone thrown against his
window — at this, he puts his head out of the window and inquires what is
wanted, and is answered "the delivery of all of his money, otherwise his
house would be burned" — because of which, and observing in an alley
adjacent to the mill four individuals, one of whom addressed him with
blasphemy, he fired his pistol at one the men, who, on the next morning was
found dead on the same spot. Shall this man be declared exempt from criminal
responsibility as having acted in just self-defense with all of the requisites
of law? The criminal branch of the requisites of law? The criminal branch of
the Audiencia of Zaragoza finds that there existed in favor of the
accused a majority of the requisites to exempt him from criminal
responsibility, but not that of reasonable necessity for the means, employed,
and condemned the accused to twelve months of prision correctional for
the homicide committed. Upon appeal, the supreme court acquitted the condemned,
finding that the accused, in firing at the malefactors, who attack his mill at
night in a remote spot by threatening robbery and incendiarism, was acting in
just self-defense of his person, property, and family. (Sentence of May 23,
1877). (I Viada, p. 128.)
A careful examination of the facts as disclosed in the case at bar
convinces us that the defendant Chinaman struck the fatal blow alleged in the
information in the firm belief that the intruder who forced open the door of
his sleeping room was a thief, from whose assault he was in imminent peril,
both of his life and of his property and of the property committed to his
charge; that in view of all the circumstances, as they must have presented
themselves to the defendant at the time, he acted in good faith, without
malice, or criminal intent, in the belief that he was doing no more than
exercising his legitimate right of self-defense; that had the facts been as he
believed them to be he would have been wholly exempt from criminal liability on
account of his act; and that he can not be said to have been guilty of
negligence or recklessness or even carelessness in falling into his mistake as
to the facts, or in the means adopted by him to defend himself from the
imminent danger which he believe threatened his person and his property and the
property under his charge.
The judgment of conviction and the sentence imposed by the trial court
should be reversed, and the defendant acquitted of the crime with which he is
charged and his bail bond exonerated, with the costs of both instance de
oficio. So ordered.
Johnson Moreland and Elliott, JJ., concur.
Arellano, C.J., and Mapa, J., dissent.
Arellano, C.J., and Mapa, J., dissent.