G.R. Nos. L-28324-5 May 19, 1978
THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee,
vs.
RAFAEL MARCO, SIMEON MARCO and DULCISIMO BELTRAN,
defendants. RAFAEL MARCO, defendant-appellant.
Jose P. Bengzon (Counsel de Oficio) for appellant.
Solicitor General Felix V. Makasiar, Assistant Solicitor
General Felisicimo R. Rosete and Solicitor Teodulo R. Dino for appellee.
BARREDO, J.:
Appeal by accused Rafael Marco from the judgment of the
Court of First Instance of Zamboanga del Sur in Criminal Case No. 2757,
entitled People of the Philippines vs. Rafael Marco, Dulcisimo Beltran and
Simeon Marco, the dispositive part of which reads thus:
WHEREFORE, the Court renders judgment as follows:
(1) In Criminal Case
No, 2757, the Court finds Rafael
Marco, Dulcisimo Beltran, and Simeon Marco, guilty beyond reasonable doubt of
the crime of Murder, qualified by abuse of superior strength' and hereby
sentences Rafael Marco,
who has neither aggravating circumstance against him or any mitigating circumstance
in his favor, to RECLUSION PERPETUA. Simeon Marco and Dulcisimo Beltran, who
surrendered voluntarily, are hereby sentenced EACH to an indeterminate penalty
consisting of TEN (10) YEARS and ONE (1) DAY of prision mayor, as minimum, to
SEVENTEEN (17) YEARS, FOUR (4) MONTHS, and ONE (1) DAY of reclusion temporal as
maximum.
The Court further sentences the three defendants to pay,
jointly and severally, to the heirs of Bienvenido Sabelbero, the amount of
P6,000.00, to suffer the accessory penalties of the law, and to pay the costs.
(Page 69, Record.)
Actually, there were two cases filed against appellant in
connection with two successive phases of a single occurrence. The two cases
were consolidated and tried together. In Criminal Case No. 2757, he was charged
together with his son Simeon and one Dulcisimo Beltran with the alleged murder
of one Bienvenido Sabelbero. 1 In Criminal Case 2758, he was charged together
also with his son Simeon with frustrated murder allegedly committed against
Constancio Sabelbero, a brother Bienvenido. In this second case, herein
appellant was found guilty only a slight physical injuries and sentenced to
twelve (12) days of arresto menor. He did not appeal. Simeon was acquitted.
The incident in question took place on November 5, 1964 at about 2:30
o'clock in the afternoon within the vicinity of the market place of Barrio
Subang, Pagadian, Zamboanga del Sur. There was a fiesta being celebrated, but
it was raining. The details, according to the the are as follows:
Constancio
Sabelbero was approached by Simeon Marco who asked him if he was the one who
boxed the latter's brother the previous year. Constancio denied. Then Simeon
asked if he had cigarettes and when he said he had none, Simeon said, "I
have cigarettes; here is my cigarette", as he pulled out a one-foot long
hunting knife. Frightened,
Constancio ran away and Simeon chased him. As Constancio was passing by the
place were appellant Rafael Marco, the father of Simeon, was standing, Rafael
struck Constancio with a round cane, hitting him on the left ear and left
shoulder. This was the basis of the information in Criminal Case No. 2758, where
appellant was convicted of slight physical injuries and his son, Simeon, was
acquitted.
Vicente,
the father of Constancio, happened to be standing in the crowd and heard shout
of "Fight! Fight!" He saw Simeon about to stab Constancio, so he
grabbed the hand of Simeon that was holding the knife.
At this
juncture, Rafael Marco approached Vicente armed with a cane and a hunting
knife. Sensing danger, Vicente shouted to his son Constancio, who had been hit
by Rafael, and his other son Bienvenido, who appeared on the scene, to run away
because the Marcos were armed. Constancio was able to run away. So also
Vicente. Bienvenido who was being chased by Rafael was stabbed by the latter,
and when the parried the blow, he was wounded on the left hand. After being
stabbed by Rafael, Bienvenido still tried to run father, but unluckily, his
foot got caught in a vine on the ground and he fell, whereupon, out of nowhere,
Dulcisimo Beltran, who was accused with herein appellant and who did not appeal
his conviction, arrived and stabbed Bienvenido near his anus while he
was in the position described in the record thus "(Witness demonstrating
with his two hands
touching the floor and his both feet (sic) in a forward position)". (p. 24, t.s.n.) Beltran was followed by Simeon,
2 who stabbed Bienvenido
on the left breast and the upper part of the left arm. Afterwards, Rafael,
Simeon and Beltran ran away. "Bienvenido Sabelbero stood up slowly and walked zigzagly
towards the store of Pinda and when he arrived in front of the store, he fell
to the ground." (p.27, t.s.n.)
When
Vicente came to know that his son Bienvenido was wounded, he went to the store
of Pinda and found him lying there. Vicente asked him what happened,
"Bienvenido Sebelvero answered that he was wounded because he was ganged
up by them and immediately after that he died." (p. 28 t.s.n.)
For the purposes of this appeal, the foregoing facts We have
gathered from the recorded evidence and which coincide substantially with the
findings and basis of tea appealed decision are more or less admitted by
appellant in the brief of his counsel de oficio to be more credible version of
what happened. Nevertheless, counsel has assigned seven alleged errors of the
trial court, although the whole thrust of this appeal revolves around the issue
of whether not with what has been proven, as narrated above, to be the
participation of appellant in the Phase of the incident that led to the death
of Bienvenido appellant, Rafael Marco, may be held liable for murder, as found
by the court below.
It will be recalled that the whole incident was started by
Simeon Marco, the son of Rafael, who approached Constancio and after asking him
if he was the one who boxed his (Simeon's) brother the year before, brandished
a hunting knife, which caused Constancio to run away. While thus running, he
passed by appellant who hit him with a round cane. Such was the first phase of
the incident subject of this case. According the trial court for such act of
Rafael, he was guilty of slight physical injuries, since "it is safe to
assume that at that moment there was no intent to kill any one."
As to the second phase, according to the evidence, when
Simeon was about to pursue Constancio, Vicente grabbed Simeon's hand that was
holding the knife. But when Vicente saw that Rafael who was holding a round
cane a and a hunting knife, was approaching them, he shouted Constancio and his
other son Bienvenido who was around to run away, which they did, as he himself
released Simeon and ran away. Rafael followed Bienvenido and stabbed him, but
the latter parried the blow with his left hand. And as Bienvenido was trying to
to run farther, unluckily, his feet got entangled with some vines and he fell
down. Whereupon, Beltran, who came from nowhere, stabbed him near the anus,
followed by Simeon who Stabbed him on the left side of the breast.
Upon these facts, the People maintain that appellant is as
guilty as Simeon and Beltran of the killing of Bienvenido, the theory being
that there was obvious conspiracy among there
The trouble with the evidence of the prosecution is that it
is vague and incomplete. For instance, as to the first phase of the incident,
the relative Positions and distances from each other Of the three Protagonist,
Simeon, Constancio and Rafael are not revealed. How far Rafael was from Simeon
and Constancio when Simeon sort of threatened him with a knife is not clear.
Neither is it shown how Rafael happened to be in the path of Constancio when
the latter was running away from Simeon, such that Rafael was able to hit him
with a cane. In this situation, We do not feel safe in concluding that there
was concerted connection between the act of Simeon, on the one hand, and that
of Rafael, on the other. Thus, the trial court was correct in acquitting Simeon
and holding Rafael guilty only of slight physical injuries instead of
frustrated murder as charged.
Likewise, in regard to the second phase of the incident, We
are at a loss as to what Bienvenido was actually doing and what participation
he had at the early stages of the incident, when Vicente shouted him to run
away. 3 The pertinent portion of testimony of the lone eye-witness, Dominador
Carbajosa, is as follows:
Q Then what happened?
A Then Vicente
Sabelvero held the arm of Simeon Marco and at the same time Vicente Sabelvero
shouted to his sons, Constancio and Bienvenido Sabelvero to run away because
they were all armed.
Q This Vicente Sebolvero you mentioned, how is he related to
Constancio and Bienvenido Sabelvero?
A Vicente Sabelvero is the father.
Q Do you know if Constancio Sabelvero and Bienvenido
Sabelvero ran away?
A Yes, they ran away.
Q This Bienvenido
Sabelvero, where was he when this incident happened?
A He was only a few meters away,
Q What happened to him?
A He was overtaken by Rafael Marco and he was stabbed by
Rafael Marco.
Q Who stabbed him'?
A Rafael Marco.
Q Will you tell the Honorable Court what part of the body of
Bienvenido Sabelvero did Rafael Marco stab?
A Bienvenido Sabelvero was able to parry the thrust which
was directed to his left side and he was not wounded and instead in parrying
the thrust he was wounded on the hand.
Q Do you know what kind of weapon did Rafael Marco use in
injuries upon Bienvenido Sabelvero?
A I know.
Q What kind of weapon?
A Flamingco or hunting knife.
Q Then after Rafael Marco inflicted injuries upon Bienvenido
Sabelvero, what to Bienvenido Sabelvero?
A While Bienvenido Sabelvero was trying to run away his feet
were wrapped by the having of the cover crop and he fell down and right at that
time Beltran approached him and dabbed Bienvenido Sabelvero near his anus
ATTY. ORGANO —
(Addressing the Court)
If Your Honor please I would like to make it of that the
witness indicated to a portion above his body which is above the anus.
(To the witness)
Q What was the
position of Bienvenido Sebolvero when this Dulcisimo Beltran stabbed him?
A In this manner.
(Witness demonstrating with his two hands touching the floor and his both feet
in a forward position).
Q Then when Dulcisimo
Beltran stabbed him in that position, what happened next?
A While Bienvenido
Sebolvero was in that position, he was stabbed by Simeon Marco on the left
breast and because he was able to parry the weapon he was wounded on the upper
part of his left hand.
Q This Dulcisimo
Beltran whom you said stabbed Bienvenido Sebolvero, do you know what was his
weapon?
A I know.
Q What was his
weapon?
A Bayonet.
Q This Dulcisimo
Beltran, according to you, stabbed Bienvenido Sebolvero near the buttock?....
ATTY. PIELAGO —
Misleading, Your Honor.
COURT —
This witness testified that this Bienvenido Sebolvero was
stabbed near the anus.
(To the witness)
Q This Dulcisimo
Beltran whom you said also stabbed Bienvenido (Beltran), is he here in court?
A Yes, sir.
Q Please point to
him?
A That one. (Witness
pointing to accused Dulcisimo Beltran).
Q This Simeon Marco
whom you said stabbed Bienvenido Sebolvero on the left breast and hand is he
here in court?
A Yes, sir.
Q Where is he?
A That one. (Witness
pointing to accused Simeon Marco).
Q Do you know what
kind of weapon did Simeon Marco use in stabbing the left arm of Bienvenido
Sebolvero?
A I know.
Q What kind of
weapon?
A A bayonet.
(to the direct examiner)
Proceed.
ATTY. ORGANO —
(continuing)
Q Presenting to you
this weapon . . . . (counsel hands over the same to the witness). . . . Will
you tell the Honorable Court whether this is the very weapon used by Simeon
Marco in stabbing Bienvenido Sebolvero?
A It is shorter than
this one.
Q Now, during that
time that Rafael Marco, Simeon Marco and Dulcisimo Beltran were inflicting
injuries on the body of Bienvenido Sebolvero, what did the father of Bienvenido
Sebolvero do? Where were they at that time?
A Constancio
Sebolvero and the father ran away and they have not seen the incident.
Q Do you remember if
the father of Bienvenido Sebolvero ever ran afterwards?
A No, sir.
Q Now, that happened
to Bienvenido Sebolvero after Rafael Marco, Dulcisimo Beltran and Simeon Marco
stabbed him?
A They ran away and
after they ran away, Bienvenido Sebolvero stood up slowly and walked zigzagly
towards the store of Pinda and when he arrived in front of the store he fell
down to the ground. (Pp. 23-27, t.s.n.)
The nearest indication of Bienvenido's position vis-a-vis
those Of the Marcos and Beltran at the moment that Vicente was holding the hand
of Simeon appears only in the cross-examination of Garbajosa, when he said that
"Bienvenido Sabelvero, was nearer to the three accused" than either
Vicente or Constancio, which makes the whole matter more confusing.
As matters stand, Our problem is to determine whether or not
the act of Rafael in stabbing Bienvenido is a separate one from the stabbing of
said deceased by the two other accused who did not appeal, Simeon Marco and
Dulcisimo Beltran. To be sure, the acts of each of the three of them followed
one after the other in rather fast succession, as if propelled by a common and
concerted design, but this circumstance alone does not prove criminal
conspiracy. In order that mere simultaneity or near simultaneity of the acts of
several accused may justify the conclusion that they had conspired together,
the inference must be ineludible.
It would seem that there must have been some bad blood
between the Sabelveros and the Marcos but Vicente categorically denied that
there was any misunderstanding between them and although Constancio suggested
that there was, he was quick in adding that the same had been patched up. This
makes commonality of intent on the part of the three accused not necessarily
existent.
As already stated, Simeon and Beltran did not appeal from
the decision of the trial court which credited them with the mitigating
circumstance of voluntary and imposed on them the penalty of only Ten (10)
Years and One (1) Day of prision mayor, as minimum, to Seventeen (17) Years,
Four (4) Months and One (1) Day of reclusion temporal as maximum. And indeed
there can be no doubt as to the homicidal character of their assault on
Bienvenido. In the case of herein appellant, while it is true that he somehow started the by trying to
stab Bienvenido, and did cause him injury on the left hand, there is no clear
evidence connecting his act with those of Beltran and Simeon. As We have
noted earlier, Beltran came out of nowhere and it is not shown that Rafael saw
him before the latter stabbed Bienvenido near the anus. On the other hand, the
most that We can gather from Carbajosa's testimony is that Simeon was being
held by Vicente, when Rafael tried to chase Bienvenido. In any event, if Rafael had any intention to
really kill Bienvenido, he did not have to await for Simeon and Beltran to do
it. Bienvenido had fallen to the ground, and that was the chance to finish
with him. But here is precisely where the prosecution's evidence is incomplete.
The distance and relative position of Rafael from where Bienvenido fell are not
indicated. What appears instead is that Beltran and Simeon were the ones who
stabbed him fatally. What Rafael did or where he was after Bienvenido fell and
while Beltran and Simeon were assaulting has not been shown.
We find the following ratiocination of appellant's counsel
de oficio to be well taken:
2. The evidence on
record does not show beyond reasonable doubt that appellant acted in conspiracy
with the two other accused in the actual killing of the decedent.
This Honorable Court has established the rule that
conspiracy, although implied or indirect, must, nonetheless, be positively and
convincingly proved and established (People vs. Aplegido, 76 Phil. 571). Only
recently, this Honorable Tribunal said, through the pen of Mr. Justice Fred
Ruiz Castro, that:
... As a facile device by which an accused may be ensnared
and kept within the penal fold, conspiracy requires conclusive proof if we are
to maintain in full subbed the substance of the time-honored principle of
criminal law requiring proof beyond reasonable doubt before conviction ...
(People vs. Tividad,, L-21469, June 30, 1967; 20 SCRA 549, 554; emphasis
supplied).
The Court also laid down the following norm in the said case
of People vs. Tividad:
... It is undubitably clear from the record that the accused
did not attack the deceased simultaneously. Even if they did, this would not of
itself indicate the existence of a conspiracy among them as simultaneity per se
is not a badge of conspiracy, absent the requisite concurrence of wills. It is
not sufficient that the attack is joint and simultaneous; it is that the
assailants are animated by one and the same purpose (U.S. vs. Magcomot, 13 Phil
386, 389; People vs. Caballero , 53 Phil. 584, 595-596). Evidently, in a
situation where the as were not simultaneous but successive, greater proof is
demanded to establish concert of crime design. The evidence for the prosecution
was that the assaults on the were out by a successively (Id., pp. 554-55;
emphasis supplied)
As happened in the Tividad case, the facts established by
the evidence hem show that appellant did not attack the document simultaneously
and in concert with the two other accuse From the testimony of Dominador
Carbajosa, it will be seen that: (1) it was the appellant who went after the
decedent first. And the situation at that moment was this: Simeon Marco was
chasing Constancio Sebelvero while appellant, on the other hand, was
approaching Vicente Sebelbero. The latter had just shouted to his two sons to
run away when the appellant overtook the document and stabbed at hint Accused
Dulcisimo Beltran, it will be noted, was not yet a participant. (2) After the
appellant wounded the decedent on the hand, the latter continued running. There
is no evidence however, that appellant continued running after him (3) While
running, the decadent ripped and fell down. Accused Dulcisimo Beltran just came
from nowhere and stabbed the decedent near the anus. It will be noted from the
time appellant wounded the document on the hand up to the time Dulcisimo
Beltran stabbed him at the back, an appreciable length of time elapse There is
no evidence just how far Beltran was from the respondent when the latter felt
Neither is there evidence that the decadent was running in the direction of
Beltran The evidence is only that Dulcisimo Beltran came upon the document who
had fallen to the ground and nabbed him. (4) After Dulcisimo Beltran had
stabbed the decedent Simeon Marco, who earlier had been chasing Constancio
Sebelbero came also and stabbed the decedent. From Dominador Carbajosa's
testimony, it appears that there was no appreciable lapse of time between the
stabbing by Dulcisimo Beltran and that by Simeon Marco. (5) There is no showing
that appellant joined his two other accused during or after their stabbing of
the respondent Carbajosa merely stated that after the stabbing, "they ran
away" (session of Sept. 13, 1965; t.s.n., p. 27)
From the foregoing, this Honorable Court will that the stabbing of the
decedent by the three accused (including appellant) was not simultaneous.
Rather, it was successive, with appellant inflicting the first blow. And,
Dulcisimo Beltran and Simeon Marco were nowhere around yet. It was only after
the decedent fell down that the latter two came and successively stabbed him.
The manner in which the incident occurred indicates that there was no
pre-conceived plan among the three accused to kill the decedent. It strongly
suggests, on the other hand, that Dulcisimo Beltran and Simeon Marco
participated suddenly, unexpectedly and without any previous agreement.
Another interesting point to observe is that there is absolutely no showing that
appellant knew of the criminal intentions of Dulcisimo Beltran or Simeon Marco
as to the decedent. There is no proof that appellant chased the decedent
in the direction of Simeon Marco or Dulcisimo Beltran. It was not even shown
that appellant knew that Dulcisimo Beltran was around at the start. As to
Simeon Marco, it will be remembered that when the appellant started after the
decedent, Simeon Marco was running after Constancio Sebelbero. Hence, appellant
could not have intentionally chased the decedent in the direction of Simeon
Marco. Besides, as previously pointed out already, there is no evidence showing
that appellant ran after or chased the decedent at all. Dominador Carbajosa
said only that appellant overtook the decedent who was just nearby and then
stabbed at him (Session of Sept. 13, 1965; t.s.n., p. 23). Likewise, there is
no evidence that after the decedent ran again, the appellant continued going
after him.
Neither
is there any showing that after the decedent was able to run away from the appellant
with only a slight would on the hand, the latter shouted to Dulcisimo Beltran
or Simeon Marco for assistance. As the facts were related by the star
prosecution witness. Dulcisimo Beltran and Simeon Marco just came upon the
fallen decedent and stabbed him. There is no showing that Dulcisimo Beltran and
Simeon Marco fell upon the decedent in response to shout or cries from the
appellant. Lastly, there is no
proof that while Simeon Marco and Dulcisimo Beltran were stabbing the decedent,
appellant gave them any inciting or encouraging words, or that he even joined
them.
The point appellant wants to established with all the
foregoing considerations is that the prosecution utterly failed to established
the guilty knowledge and assent of appellant concerning the criminal design of
Dulcisimo Beltran and Simeon Marco. And the established rule is that:
xxx xxx xxx
... a person may be convicted for the criminal act of
another where, between them there has been conspiracy or unity of purpose and
intention in the commission of the crime charged. In other words, the accused must be shown to
have had guilty participation in the criminal design entertained by the slayer,
and this presupposes knowledge on his part of such criminal design. It is not
enough that there be a relation between the acts done by the principal and
those attributed to the person charged as co-principal or accomplice; it is
furthermore, necessary that the latter, with knowledge of the former's criminal
intent, should cooperate with moral or material aid in the consummation of the
crime ... (People vs. Ibañez, 77 Phil. 664, 665-666; emphasis supplied).
The trial court, therefore, seriously erred in holding
appellant responsible together with Dulcisimo Beltran and Simeon Marco for the
death of the decedent on the basis of incorrect conspiracy.
3. Appellant cannot be
held liable for the death of decedent under death of the Revised Penal Code.
Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Revised Penal Code provides
that, "criminal liability shall be incurred by any person committing a
felony (delito)although the wrongful act done be different from that which he
intended." Under this provision, one who commits an intentional felony is
responsible for all the consequences which may naturally and logically result
thereto whether form or intended or not. (I Reyes, The Revised Penal Code, 6th
ed., p. 62).
It cannot be denied that the stabbing of the decedent by the
appellant which caused a slight wound on the former's hand was intentionally
made; hence, felony. However, the ensuing death of the decedent was not the direct, natural and
logical consequence of the wound inflicted by the appellant. There was an
active intervening cause, which was no other than the sudden and appearance and
participation of Simeon Marco and Beltran. And there is authority that
if the consequences produced have resulted from a distinct act or fact
absolutely from the criminal case the offender is not responsible for such
consequence. (People vs. Rellin, 77 Phil. 1038; I Reyes, 75). (Pp. 18-22,
Appellant's brief — pp. 53-57, Record.)
All circumstances considered, We are not convinced beyond
reasonable doubt that appellant was in any conspiracy with Simeon and Beltran
to kill Bienvenido or any of the Sabelberos. In the absence of clear and
convincing the We can only speculate as to why appellant did not join his son,
Simeon, and Beltran in attacking Bienvenido after he had fallen to the ground.
Either the two were too fast for him and were thus able to act ahead of him or
that he voluntarily desisted from further pursuing the deceased after hitting
him on the left hand. In line with the presumption of innocence which We are
constitutionally bound to accorded. We are constrained to hold that he had no
homicidal intent. He can be held criminally responsible only for the wound on
the back of the left hand of the deceased which is described as a "stab
wound, 2-1/2 inches wide at the back of the left hand" by witness Felix S.
Toledo, the Sanitary Inspector, who examined the corpse. And there being no
evidence as to the period of incapacity or medical attendance consequence to
said wound, appellant is guilty only of slight physical injuries. (Aquino, The
Revised Penal Code, Vol. II, p. 1258, 1961 ed.)
IN VIEW OF ALL THE FOREGOING, the decision appealed from is hereby modified, and in its
stead appellant is found guilty only of slight physical injuries and hereby
sentenced to suffer the penalty of twenty (20) days of arresto menor, and to
pay the costs.
Fernando (Chairman), Aquino, Concepcion, Jr., Santos, JJ.,
concur.
Antonio, J., took no part.
